📖 护理术语表
316 个护理术语，每个都用一句清楚的话解释，并附上讲授它的课程。
考试
计算机自适应考试（CAT） · Computer adaptive testing (CAT)
这种考试会根据你到目前为止的答题情况挑选下一道题，不断寻找你开始答错的水平。
An exam that picks each next question based on your answers so far, hunting for the level where you start to miss.
通过标准 · Passing standard
考生必须以95%的置信度被证明高于NCSBN设定的能力水平，才能通过。
The ability level set by NCSBN that a candidate must be shown to be above, with 95% confidence, to pass.
临床判断测量模型 · Clinical Judgment Measurement Model
NCSBN的六步模型（识别线索、分析线索、确定假设优先级、生成解决方案、采取行动、评估结果），案例分析题遵循这一模型。
NCSBN's six-step model (recognize cues, analyze cues, prioritize hypotheses, generate solutions, take action, evaluate outcomes) that case-study items follow.
选择所有适用项（SATA） · Select all that apply (SATA)
这类题目中任意数量的选项都可能正确，因此每个选项都要单独判断对错。
An item where any number of options can be correct, so each option is judged on its own as true or false.
领结题 · Bowtie item
一道独立题目，你从选项列表中选择患者最可能的疾病（中间）、要采取的两项行动（左侧）和要监测的两个参数（右侧）。
A stand-alone item in which you choose the client's most likely condition (center), two actions to take (left) and two parameters to monitor (right) from lists of options.
矩阵题 · Matrix item
一个网格，将每一行（一个发现或医嘱）归入一列（矩阵单选题）或一列或多列（矩阵多选题），采用部分得分计分。
A grid for classifying each row (a finding or order) into one column (matrix multiple choice) or one or more columns (matrix multiple response), with partial-credit scoring.
考试授权（ATT） · Authorization to Test (ATT)
通过电子邮件发送的预约考试许可，在你的护理监管机构设定的有限期限内有效。
The emailed permission to schedule the exam, valid for a limited window set by your nursing regulatory body.
考生成绩表现报告 · Candidate Performance Report
未通过的考生收到的按内容领域划分的成绩明细，用于规划下一次考试。
The breakdown by content area that candidates who do not pass receive, used to plan the next attempt.
优先级与管理
ABCs
第一优先级规则：气道问题高于呼吸问题，呼吸问题高于循环问题。
The first prioritization rule: airway problems outrank breathing problems, which outrank circulation problems.
Maslow需求层次 · Maslow's hierarchy
一种需求排序，生理需求先于安全需求，两者都先于情感需求。
A ranking of needs where physiological needs come before safety, and both come before emotional needs.
护理程序（ADPIE） · Nursing process (ADPIE)
评估、诊断、计划、实施和评价，是每个护理计划遵循的循环。
Assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation and evaluation, the cycle every plan of care follows.
委派 · Delegation
允许有能力的人执行超出其通常职责范围的特定护理任务；被委派者对完成该任务负责，护士对委派和监督负责。
Allowing a competent person to perform a specific nursing task beyond their usual role; the delegatee is accountable for doing it, the nurse for delegating and supervising.
委派的五项权利 · Five rights of delegation
正确的任务、正确的情形、正确的人、正确的指导和正确的监督。
Right task, right circumstance, right person, right direction and right supervision.
无执照辅助人员（UAP） · Unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP)
在护士指导下为病情稳定的患者完成常规、可预测任务的工作人员，如护理助理。
Staff such as nursing assistants who do routine, predictable tasks for stable clients under the nurse's direction.
START检伤分类 · START triage
一种灾难分拣系统，将伤员标记为红色（立即处理）、黄色（延迟处理）、绿色（轻伤）或黑色（预期死亡）。
A disaster sorting system that tags victims red (immediate), yellow (delayed), green (minor) or black (expectant).
知情同意 · Informed consent
有能力的患者在医护提供者解释某项操作的风险、益处和替代方案后，自愿同意接受该操作。
A competent client's voluntary agreement to a procedure after the provider explains its risks, benefits and alternatives.
预立医疗指示 · Advance directive
一份文件，说明患者在无法自行做决定时的治疗意愿，或指定一名决策者。
A document stating a client's treatment wishes or naming a decision-maker for when the client cannot decide.
不予复苏医嘱（DNR） · Do-not-resuscitate order (DNR)
提供者下达的在心脏或呼吸骤停时不进行CPR的医嘱；除非有单独医嘱或患者意愿加以限制，其他治疗继续进行。
A provider's order to withhold CPR in cardiac or respiratory arrest; other treatments continue unless limited by separate orders or the client's wishes.
SBAR
情景、背景、评估、建议：向提供者报告患者问题的结构。
Situation, background, assessment, recommendation: the structure for reporting a client problem to a provider.
事件报告 · Incident report
为任何异常事件提交的内部质量文件，绝不放入患者病历中，也不在病历中提及；事件事实、评估和所提供的护理要客观记录在病历中。
An internal quality document filed for any unusual event, never placed in or mentioned in the client's chart; event facts, assessment and care given are charted objectively.
安全与感染
标准预防措施 · Standard precautions
对每位患者都采用的手卫生、与预期暴露相匹配的防护用品，以及安全的锐器和注射做法，不论诊断如何。
The hand hygiene, protective equipment matched to the expected exposure, and safe sharps and injection practices used with every client, regardless of diagnosis.
接触预防措施 · Contact precautions
针对通过接触传播的病原体（如MRSA、VRE、C. difficile和疥疮）穿隔离衣并戴手套。
Gown and gloves for organisms spread by touch, such as MRSA, VRE, C. difficile and scabies.
飞沫预防措施 · Droplet precautions
进入患有流感、百日咳、腮腺炎、风疹或脑膜炎球菌性脑膜炎的患者房间时佩戴外科口罩。
A surgical mask worn on entering the room of a client with influenza, pertussis, mumps, rubella or meningococcal meningitis.
空气传播预防措施 · Airborne precautions
针对结核病、麻疹、水痘和播散性带状疱疹，佩戴N95呼吸器并使用负压病房。
An N95 respirator and a negative-pressure room for tuberculosis, measles, varicella and disseminated zoster.
负压病房 · Negative-pressure room
一种将空气向内吸入并排到室外的房间，使空气传播的病原体无法逸出到走廊。
A room that pulls air inward and vents it outside so airborne organisms cannot escape into the hallway.
外科无菌技术 · Surgical asepsis
使一个区域完全无微生物的技术，用于导管、中心静脉导管和侵入性操作。
Technique that keeps an area completely free of microorganisms, used for catheters, central lines and invasive procedures.
约束 · Restraint
任何限制活动或管理行为、且不是患者病情标准治疗的人工方法、物理装置或药物；它是最后手段，需有有时限、非PRN的医嘱。
Any manual method, physical device or drug that restricts movement or manages behavior and is not standard treatment for the client's condition; a last resort, with a time-limited, non-PRN order.
快速松解结 · Quick-release knot
一种一拉就能解开约束的结，系在床架上，绝不系在床栏上。
A knot that frees a restraint with one pull, tied to the bed frame and never to the side rail.
Morse Fall Scale
由跌倒史、诊断、助行器具、IV管路、步态和精神状态构成的跌倒风险评分。
A fall-risk score built from fall history, diagnoses, mobility aids, IV lines, gait and mental status.
高警示药物 · High-alert medication
如insulin、heparin、阿片类药物或浓缩电解质等药物，若给药错误，发生严重伤害的风险很高；需要保障措施，包括按机构政策进行独立双重核查。
A drug like insulin, heparin, opioids or concentrated electrolytes with high risk of serious harm if given in error; needs safeguards, including independent double checks per facility policy.
RACE
救援、报警、控制、灭火或撤离：发现火灾时采取行动的顺序。
Rescue, alarm, confine, extinguish or evacuate: the order of actions when a fire is discovered.
PASS
拉、瞄、压、扫：如何使用灭火器。
Pull, aim, squeeze, sweep: how to use a fire extinguisher.
药理学与 IV
峰值（insulin） · Peak (insulin)
给药后药物作用最强的时间；对insulin而言，是患者最可能发生低血糖的时段。
The time after a dose when a drug's effect is strongest; for insulin, the hour the client is most likely to go hypoglycemic.
15法则 · Rule of 15
对于低血糖，给予15克快速碳水化合物，并在15分钟后复查血糖。
For hypoglycemia, give 15 grams of fast carbohydrate and recheck the glucose in 15 minutes.
aPTT
监测heparin输注的凝血检测，目标约为对照值的1.5至2.5倍。
The clotting test that monitors a heparin infusion, aiming for about 1.5 to 2.5 times the control.
INR
监测warfarin的凝血检测，通常目标为2至3。
The clotting test that monitors warfarin, usually aiming for 2 to 3.
解毒剂 · Antidote
能逆转另一种药物作用的药物，如用于阿片类药物的naloxone，或用于warfarin的vitamin K。
A drug that reverses the effect of another, such as naloxone for opioids or vitamin K for warfarin.
肝素诱导的血小板减少症（HIT） · Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)
对heparin的免疫反应，使血小板计数下降，并矛盾地引起血栓；heparin要永久停用。
An immune reaction to heparin that drops the platelet count and paradoxically causes clots; heparin is stopped for good.
谷浓度水平 · Trough level
血液中的最低药物水平，在下一剂给药前抽取，用于监测氨基糖苷类药物，以及vancomycin（除非药房采用AUC指导给药）。
The lowest drug level in the blood, drawn just before the next dose, used to monitor aminoglycosides, and vancomycin unless pharmacy uses AUC-guided dosing.
外渗 · Extravasation
一种发疱剂（损伤组织的）IV药物（如某些化疗药物）漏入静脉周围组织；非发疱剂的漏出称为浸润。
Leakage of a vesicant (tissue-damaging) IV drug, such as some chemotherapy, into the tissue around the vein; a non-vesicant leak is infiltration.
输血反应 · Transfusion reaction
输血期间出现发热、寒战、背痛、荨麻疹或低血压；停止输血，并通过新输液管用生理盐水保持管路通畅。
Fever, chills, back pain, hives or hypotension during a blood transfusion; stop the blood and keep the line open with saline through new tubing.
所需量除以现有量 · Desired over have
剂量计算公式：所需剂量除以现有剂量，再乘以其所含的数量。
The dose calculation formula: desired dose divided by the dose on hand, times the quantity it comes in.
滴数系数 · Drop factor
重力IV输液器每毫升输送的滴数，印在输液管包装上。
The number of drops per milliliter a gravity IV set delivers, printed on the tubing package.
Parkland公式 · Parkland formula
烧伤液体复苏：4 mL × kg × 烧伤体表面积百分比，持续24小时，其中一半在受伤后的前8小时内输注。
Burn fluid resuscitation: 4 mL × kg × percent of body surface burned over 24 hours, half in the first 8 hours from the injury.
常用药物
ACE抑制剂（-pril） · ACE inhibitors (-pril)
降低血压，并在心力衰竭和糖尿病中保护心脏和肾脏；其标志性效应为干咳、高钾血症和血管性水肿（停药并保护气道），妊娠期绝不可使用。
Lower blood pressure and protect the heart and kidneys in heart failure and diabetes; the defining effects are a dry cough, high potassium and angioedema (stop the drug and protect the airway), and they are never given in pregnancy.
血管紧张素受体阻滞剂（-sartan） · Angiotensin receptor blockers (-sartan)
针对出现咳嗽的患者替代ACE抑制剂的选择；它们仍会升高钾并可引起血管性水肿，因此要检查钾和肌酐，妊娠期禁用。
The ACE inhibitor alternative for a client who developed the cough; they still raise potassium and can cause angioedema, so check potassium and creatinine, and they are contraindicated in pregnancy.
β受体阻滞剂（-olol） · Beta blockers (-olol)
在心脏病发作后和心力衰竭中减慢心率并降低血压；心率低于60或收缩压低于90时按医嘱暂缓使用，切勿突然停药，并提醒糖尿病患者它们会掩盖低血糖症状。
Slow the heart and lower blood pressure after a heart attack and in heart failure; hold for a heart rate under 60 or systolic pressure under 90 per order, never stop them abruptly, and warn clients with diabetes that they mask hypoglycemia.
钙通道阻滞剂（-dipine、verapamil、diltiazem） · Calcium channel blockers (-dipine, verapamil, diltiazem)
舒张血管，用于高血压和心绞痛，verapamil或diltiazem还可减慢心率；预期会出现踝部肿胀和头痛，血压低或脉搏慢时按医嘱暂缓使用，避免饮用葡萄柚汁。
Relax vessels for hypertension and angina, and verapamil or diltiazem also slow the heart rate; expect ankle swelling and headache, hold for low pressure or a slow pulse per order, and avoid grapefruit juice.
袢利尿剂和噻嗪类利尿剂 · Loop and thiazide diuretics
Furosemide和hydrochlorothiazide都会使钾流失，因此要检查钾水平、每天为患者称体重，并在早晨给药；静脉推注furosemide要缓慢以保护听力，并预期噻嗪类会升高血糖、尿酸和钙。
Furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide both waste potassium, so check the level, weigh the client daily and give the dose in the morning; push IV furosemide slowly to protect hearing, and expect thiazides to raise glucose, uric acid and calcium.
保钾利尿剂 · Potassium-sparing diuretics
Spironolactone及其同类药物会保留钾，因此危险在于高钾血症；教导患者停用钾补充剂和盐替代品，与ACE抑制剂或ARB合用时监测水平，并预期spironolactone会引起乳房触痛。
Spironolactone and its relatives hold on to potassium, so the danger is hyperkalemia; teach the client to skip potassium supplements and salt substitutes, watch the level with ACE inhibitors or ARBs, and expect breast tenderness with spironolactone.
Digoxin
在心力衰竭和心房颤动中增强心力并减慢心率；计数心尖脉搏整整一分钟，低于60时暂缓使用，注意恶心、呕吐和黄绿色光晕，记住低钾会增加毒性，解毒剂为digoxin immune fab。
Strengthens and slows the heart in failure and atrial fibrillation; count an apical pulse for a full minute and hold under 60, watch for nausea, vomiting and yellow-green halos, remember low potassium raises toxicity, and the antidote is digoxin immune fab.
Nitroglycerin和硝酸酯类 · Nitroglycerin and nitrates
扩张血管以缓解心绞痛：舌下含服一片，每5分钟一次，最多三片，若第一片无效则呼叫急救服务；预期会出现头痛，将药片存放在避光瓶中，切勿在服用sildenafil或tadalafil后24到48小时内使用。
Dilate vessels to relieve angina: one sublingual tablet every 5 minutes up to three, calling emergency services if the first does not help; expect a headache, store tablets in the dark bottle, and never give within 24 to 48 hours of sildenafil or tadalafil.
他汀类药物（-statin） · Statins (-statin)
降低胆固醇以预防心脏病发作和卒中；教导患者报告不明原因的肌肉疼痛或尿色变深（横纹肌溶解），检查肝酶，simvastatin在傍晚服用，避免葡萄柚汁，妊娠期停用。
Lower cholesterol to prevent heart attack and stroke; teach the client to report unexplained muscle pain or dark urine (rhabdomyolysis), check liver enzymes, take simvastatin in the evening, avoid grapefruit juice, and stop them in pregnancy.
Amiodarone
控制危险的室性和房性心律失常，但会损伤肺、甲状腺、肝脏和眼睛；出现新咳嗽或呼吸困难要立即报告，检查甲状腺和肝脏化验，静脉负荷期间预期心动过缓和低血压，并教导防晒以应对蓝灰色皮肤和光敏性。
Controls dangerous ventricular and atrial rhythms but damages the lungs, thyroid, liver and eyes; report new cough or dyspnea at once, check thyroid and liver labs, expect bradycardia and hypotension during IV loading, and teach sun protection for the blue-gray skin and photosensitivity.
Adenosine
通过短暂停止心脏活动来复律室上性心动过速；快速推注超过1到2秒，随后立即用生理盐水冲洗至粗大的近端静脉，让患者保持监护，并告知数秒的胸部压迫感、面部潮红和心脏停搏是预期现象。
Resets supraventricular tachycardia by briefly stopping the heart; push it fast over 1 to 2 seconds with an immediate saline flush into a large proximal vein, keep the client on a monitor, and warn that seconds of chest pressure, flushing and asystole are expected.
Atropine
加快有症状的缓慢心率的抗胆碱药（1 mg IV，每3到5分钟重复一次，至3 mg），也是胆碱能危象和有机磷中毒的解毒剂；预期会出现口干、视力模糊、尿潴留和面部潮红。
The anticholinergic that speeds a symptomatic slow heart (1 mg IV, repeated every 3 to 5 minutes to 3 mg) and the antidote for cholinergic crisis and organophosphate poisoning; expect dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention and flushing.
Epinephrine
过敏反应的首选药物，0.3到0.5 mg IM（1 mg/mL）注射至大腿外侧，心脏骤停时1 mg IV，每3到5分钟一次；预期会出现心动过速和高血压，并两次核对浓度，因为两种浓度的强度相差十倍。
The first drug for anaphylaxis, 0.3 to 0.5 mg IM (1 mg/mL) into the outer thigh, and 1 mg IV every 3 to 5 minutes in cardiac arrest; expect tachycardia and hypertension, and check the concentration twice because the two strengths differ tenfold.
血管升压药（norepinephrine、dopamine） · Vasopressors (norepinephrine, dopamine)
在补液期间或之后收缩血管以升高休克患者的血压（脓毒性休克首选norepinephrine），通过输液泵滴定至平均动脉压65或以上；首选中心静脉通路，但可短期通过粗大的近端外周IV开始使用。
Constrict vessels to raise blood pressure in shock during or after fluids (norepinephrine first in septic shock), titrated by pump to a mean arterial pressure of 65 or more; a central line is preferred, but they can start short term in a large proximal peripheral IV.
Nitroprusside
用于高血压急症的快速IV血管扩张药，需持续监测血压（最好使用动脉管路）滴定；将输液袋包裹避光，并注意大剂量、长时间输注或肾衰竭时氰化物或硫氰酸盐毒性（意识模糊、代谢性酸中毒）。
A fast IV vasodilator for hypertensive emergency, titrated with continuous blood pressure monitoring (ideally an arterial line); wrap the bag to protect it from light, and watch for cyanide or thiocyanate toxicity (confusion, metabolic acidosis) with high doses, long infusions or kidney failure.
Hydralazine
用于严重高血压的直接血管扩张药，包括与labetalol一起用于先兆子痫；预期会出现反射性心动过速、头痛和体位性血压下降，每次IV给药前后检查血压，并报告关节痛或皮疹，长期使用可能提示狼疮样反应。
A direct vasodilator for severe hypertension, including preeclampsia alongside labetalol; expect reflex tachycardia, headache and orthostatic drops, check blood pressure before and after each IV dose, and report joint pain or rash, which can signal a lupus-like reaction with long-term use.
Clonidine
用于高血压（也用于ADHD和阿片类戒断）的中枢性α-2激动剂，会引起口干和嗜睡；其标志性危险是突然停药时反跳性高血压，因此要逐渐减量，切勿漏服，并按计划更换每周贴片。
A central alpha-2 agonist for hypertension (also ADHD and opioid withdrawal) that causes dry mouth and drowsiness; the defining danger is rebound hypertension when it is stopped suddenly, so taper it, never skip doses, and change the weekly patch on schedule.
Sacubitril-valsartan
可减少死亡和住院的心力衰竭复方药；切勿在ACE抑制剂使用后36小时内给予，也不可给予曾对ACE抑制剂或ARB发生血管性水肿者，监测血压、钾和肌酐，妊娠期停用。
A heart failure combination that cuts deaths and hospital stays; never give it within 36 hours of an ACE inhibitor or to anyone who had angioedema on an ACE inhibitor or ARB, watch blood pressure, potassium and creatinine, and stop it in pregnancy.
抗血小板药物（aspirin、clopidogrel） · Antiplatelets (aspirin, clopidogrel)
在心脏病发作、卒中或支架植入后防止血小板聚集；两者都会引起出血，通常按医嘱在手术前5到7天停用，aspirin绝不可给予患病毒性疾病的儿童（Reye综合征），omeprazole会减弱clopidogrel的作用。
Keep platelets from clumping after heart attack, stroke or a stent; both cause bleeding and are usually stopped 5 to 7 days before surgery per order, aspirin is never given to children with viral illness (Reye's syndrome), and omeprazole weakens clopidogrel.
Heparin
在数分钟内预防和治疗血栓，通过输液泵IV给药或皮下给药；监测aPTT（目标为对照值的1.5到2.5倍）和血小板，注意出血和heparin诱导的血小板减少症，并备好protamine sulfate作为解毒剂。
Prevents and treats clots within minutes, given IV by pump or subcutaneously; monitor the aPTT (goal 1.5 to 2.5 times control) and platelets, watch for bleeding and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, and keep protamine sulfate available as the antidote.
Enoxaparin（低分子量肝素） · Enoxaparin (low-molecular-weight heparin)
注射至腹部脂肪的低分子量肝素，不排出气泡、不回抽、不揉搓注射部位；无需常规监测aPTT，肾脏疾病时减量，并带有硬膜外导管相关脊髓血肿的黑框警告。
A low-molecular-weight heparin injected into the abdominal fat without expelling the air bubble, aspirating or rubbing the site; it needs no routine aPTT monitoring, is dose-reduced in kidney disease, and carries a boxed warning for spinal hematoma with epidural catheters.
Warfarin
口服抗凝药，3到5天起效，通过INR监测（通常目标为2到3）；教导保持维生素K摄入稳定，不用aspirin或NSAIDs，采取出血预防措施；妊娠期避免使用（某些机械瓣膜患者除外）；逆转方法：维生素K，严重出血时加用4因子PCC。
Oral anticoagulant, 3 to 5 day onset, monitored by INR (usual goal 2 to 3); teach steady vitamin K intake, no aspirin or NSAIDs, bleeding precautions; avoid in pregnancy (except some mechanical valve clients); reversal: vitamin K, plus 4-factor PCC for major bleeding.
直接口服抗凝药（DOACs） · Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs)
Apixaban、rivaroxaban、dabigatran和edoxaban可预防卒中和治疗血栓，无需常规化验监测；漏服会显著增加血栓风险（黑框警告），出血是主要危险，肾功能决定剂量，idarucizumab可逆转dabigatran。
Apixaban, rivaroxaban, dabigatran and edoxaban prevent stroke and treat clots without routine lab monitoring; missed doses sharply raise clot risk (boxed warning), bleeding is the main danger, kidney function guides the dose, and idarucizumab reverses dabigatran.
溶栓药（alteplase、tenecteplase） · Thrombolytics (alteplase, tenecteplase)
溶解缺血性卒中（最后已知正常后4.5小时内）、心脏病发作和大面积肺栓塞中的血栓；先排除出血和近期手术，控制血压，避免IM注射和不必要的穿刺，出现任何出血或神经系统变化时停止输注。
Dissolve the clot in ischemic stroke (within 4.5 hours of last known well), heart attack and massive pulmonary embolism; rule out bleeding and recent surgery first, control blood pressure, avoid IM injections and needless punctures, and stop the infusion for any bleeding or neurologic change.
Protamine和维生素K · Protamine and vitamin K
抗凝逆转组合：protamine在数分钟内中和heparin，但快速推注会引起低血压和过敏反应；维生素K在数小时内逆转warfarin，口服或缓慢IV给药，严重出血时加用4因子PCC；皮下吸收不稳定，IV/IM剂量带有黑框警告。
Anticoagulant reversal pair: protamine neutralizes heparin within minutes but fast push causes hypotension and anaphylaxis; vitamin K reverses warfarin over hours, orally or by slow IV with 4-factor PCC for serious bleeding; subcutaneous absorption is erratic, and IV/IM doses carry a boxed warning.
Albuterol和ipratropium · Albuterol and ipratropium
急救支气管扩张药：albuterol在数分钟内打开气道，但会引起心动过速、震颤和紧张（报告心跳加速），ipratropium增加抗胆碱干燥作用并引起口干；先使用支气管扩张药，再使用任何吸入性类固醇。
The rescue bronchodilators: albuterol opens airways within minutes but causes tachycardia, tremor and nervousness (report a racing heart), and ipratropium adds anticholinergic drying with a dry mouth; take the bronchodilator first, before any inhaled steroid.
吸入性皮质类固醇和montelukast · Inhaled corticosteroids and montelukast
每日控制药物，单独使用不能缓解急性发作（budesonide-formoterol仅通过其快速起效的formoterol作为缓解药）：吸入性类固醇若不漱口会引起鹅口疮和声音嘶哑，montelukast带有关于激动、抑郁和自杀念头的黑框警告。
Daily controllers that do not relieve an acute attack on their own (budesonide-formoterol works as a reliever only through its fast formoterol): inhaled steroids cause thrush and hoarseness unless the mouth is rinsed, and montelukast has a boxed warning for agitation, depression and suicidal thoughts.
Theophylline
治疗范围狭窄的较老支气管扩张药（约为10到20 mcg/mL）；毒性表现为恶心、心动过速、烦躁不安和癫痫发作，因此要检查水平、限制咖啡因，并知晓吸烟会降低其水平，而ciprofloxacin和心力衰竭会升高其水平。
An older bronchodilator with a narrow therapeutic range (about 10 to 20 mcg/mL); toxicity shows as nausea, tachycardia, restlessness and seizures, so check levels, limit caffeine, and know that smoking lowers the level while ciprofloxacin and heart failure raise it.
按起效和峰值分类的胰岛素 · Insulins by onset and peak
速效胰岛素（lispro、aspart）在注射后30分钟到3小时达到峰值，常规胰岛素在2到4小时，NPH在4到12小时，glargine或degludec无峰值；低血糖最可能在峰值时发生，因此必须备好餐食。
Rapid-acting (lispro, aspart) peaks 30 minutes to 3 hours after injection, regular in 2 to 4 hours, NPH in 4 to 12, and glargine or degludec has no peak; hypoglycemia is most likely at the peak, so a meal must be ready.
常规胰岛素 · Regular insulin
标准的IV胰岛素，因此用于DKA输注，每小时检查血糖和钾（胰岛素将钾推入细胞使钾下降）；与NPH混合时，先抽取清澈的常规胰岛素，再抽取浑浊的NPH。
The standard IV insulin, so it runs the DKA infusion with hourly glucose and potassium checks (potassium falls as insulin pushes it into cells); when mixed with NPH, the clear regular is drawn up before the cloudy NPH.
Glucagon
患者无法安全吞咽时用于严重低血糖的急救激素：1 mg IM或皮下注射（鼻内3 mg），然后将患者侧卧，因为呕吐常见，醒后喂食碳水化合物；它还可治疗β受体阻滞剂过量。
The rescue hormone for severe hypoglycemia when the client cannot swallow safely: 1 mg IM or subcutaneously (3 mg intranasally), then turn the client on the side because vomiting is common and feed carbohydrate once awake; it also treats beta blocker overdose.
Metformin
一线2型糖尿病药物，单独使用不会引起低血糖；黑框警告为乳酸性酸中毒，因此肾衰竭、严重疾病和使用碘造影剂时按医嘱停用（若肾功能稳定，约48小时后重新开始）。
First-line type 2 diabetes drug that does not cause hypoglycemia on its own; the boxed warning is lactic acidosis, so it is held for kidney failure, serious illness and iodinated contrast per order (restart about 48 hours later if kidney function is stable).
磺脲类药物（glipizide、glyburide、glimepiride） · Sulfonylureas (glipizide, glyburide, glimepiride)
促使胰腺释放胰岛素，因此低血糖是其标志性风险，在老年人、漏餐、饮酒或肾脏疾病时最严重；在早餐前服用，教导低血糖征象和15法则，并预期会出现一些体重增加。
Squeeze insulin out of the pancreas, so hypoglycemia is the defining risk, worst in older adults, with skipped meals, alcohol or kidney disease; take them before breakfast, teach the signs and the rule of 15, and expect some weight gain.
SGLT2抑制剂（-gliflozin） · SGLT2 inhibitors (-gliflozin)
使肾脏将葡萄糖排入尿液，还有助于心力衰竭和肾脏疾病；预期会出现生殖器酵母菌感染、尿路感染和脱水，注意即使血糖正常也可发生酮症酸中毒，并按医嘱在手术前至少3天停用。
Make the kidneys dump glucose into the urine, which also helps heart failure and kidney disease; expect genital yeast infections, urinary infections and dehydration, watch for ketoacidosis even with normal glucose, and hold them at least 3 days before surgery per order.
GLP-1受体激动剂（-glutide、-tide） · GLP-1 receptor agonists (-glutide, -tide)
每周或每日注射（semaglutide、liraglutide、tirzepatide），通过抑制食欲和延缓胃排空来降低血糖和体重；恶心是预期现象，严重腹痛提示胰腺炎，带有甲状腺C细胞肿瘤的黑框警告，麻醉团队必须知晓，因为胃内充满食物有误吸风险。
Weekly or daily injections (semaglutide, liraglutide, tirzepatide) that lower glucose and weight by curbing appetite and slowing the stomach; nausea is expected, severe abdominal pain suggests pancreatitis, there is a boxed warning for thyroid C-cell tumors, and anesthesia must know because the full stomach risks aspiration.
Levothyroxine
终身甲状腺功能减退替代治疗，在空腹时于早餐前30到60分钟服用，与钙、铁或抗酸药间隔4小时；过量会模拟甲状腺功能亢进（心跳加速、失眠、体重减轻），TSH指导剂量，切勿用于减重。
Lifelong hypothyroidism replacement, taken on an empty stomach 30 to 60 minutes before breakfast and 4 hours apart from calcium, iron or antacids; excess mimics hyperthyroidism (racing heart, insomnia, weight loss), TSH guides dosing, and never use for weight loss.
Methimazole和propylthiouracil（PTU） · Methimazole and propylthiouracil (PTU)
治疗甲状腺功能亢进的抗甲状腺药物，需数周起效；两者都可使白细胞消失，因此出现咽喉痛或发热要立即报告，PTU带有肝衰竭黑框警告，但在孕早期首选，否则首选methimazole。
Antithyroid drugs for hyperthyroidism that take weeks to work; both can wipe out white cells, so a sore throat or fever is reported immediately, PTU carries a boxed warning for liver failure but is preferred in the first trimester, and methimazole otherwise.
皮质类固醇（prednisone、hydrocortisone、dexamethasone） · Corticosteroids (prednisone, hydrocortisone, dexamethasone)
抑制炎症并替代肾上腺激素；预期会出现高血糖、感染被掩盖、液体潴留、骨质流失和胃肠道出血，早晨随食物服用，切勿突然停药，肾上腺危象时或类固醇依赖患者处于应激时立即IV给予hydrocortisone。
Suppress inflammation and replace adrenal hormone; expect high glucose, masked infection, fluid retention, bone loss and GI bleeding, give them with food in the morning, never stop abruptly, and give IV hydrocortisone at once for adrenal crisis or when a steroid-dependent client is stressed.
质子泵抑制剂（-prazole）和H2阻滞剂 · Proton pump inhibitors (-prazole) and H2 blockers
减少胃酸，用于反流和溃疡；PPI在早餐前30到60分钟服用，长期使用会增加骨折、Clostridioides difficile以及低镁或低B12的风险，而famotidine是较温和的H2阻滞剂，可使老年人意识模糊。
Cut stomach acid for reflux and ulcers; PPIs are taken 30 to 60 minutes before breakfast and with long use raise the risk of fractures, Clostridioides difficile and low magnesium or B12, while famotidine is the milder H2 blocker that can confuse older adults.
止吐药（ondansetron、metoclopramide） · Antiemetics (ondansetron, metoclopramide)
Ondansetron阻断血清素以预防化疗和手术恶心，可延长QT间期；metoclopramide排空胃，但带有不可逆迟发性运动障碍的黑框警告，因此限用12周，出现异常动作时停用。
Ondansetron blocks serotonin to prevent chemotherapy and surgical nausea and can prolong the QT interval; metoclopramide empties the stomach but carries a boxed warning for irreversible tardive dyskinesia, so it is limited to 12 weeks and stopped for abnormal movements.
Lactulose
将氨困在肠道中用于肝性脑病的糖类泻药，也治疗便秘；滴定至每天两到三次软便，注意腹泻引起的脱水和低钾，并以头脑更清醒和氨下降来判断成功。
A sugar laxative that traps ammonia in the gut for hepatic encephalopathy and treats constipation; titrate to two or three soft stools a day, watch for dehydration and low potassium from diarrhea, and judge success by a clearer mind and falling ammonia.
Sucralfate
形成糊状物覆盖溃疡使其愈合；空腹时在餐前1小时和睡前服用，与其他药物间隔约2小时，因为它会结合其他药物，并预期会出现便秘。
Forms a paste that coats an ulcer so it can heal; give it on an empty stomach 1 hour before meals and at bedtime, separate it from other medicines by about 2 hours because it binds them, and expect constipation.
青霉素类和头孢菌素类 · Penicillins and cephalosporins
最常见的抗生素家族，也是药物过敏最常见的原因，两者之间有一定交叉反应性；要询问过去反应的具体情况，而不仅仅是是否有反应，首剂前先做培养，并报告严重腹泻，可能是Clostridioides difficile所致。
The most common antibiotic families and the most common cause of drug allergy, with some cross-reactivity between them; ask what the past reaction was, not just whether there is one, culture before the first dose, and report severe diarrhea as possible Clostridioides difficile.
Vancomycin
用于MRSA的IV药物和用于Clostridioides difficile的口服药物；每剂输注至少60分钟以预防vancomycin输注反应（面部潮红、瘙痒和低血压），并通过遵循谷浓度或AUC水平和肌酐来保护肾脏和耳朵。
The IV drug for MRSA and the oral drug for Clostridioides difficile; infuse each dose over at least 60 minutes to prevent vancomycin infusion reaction (flushing, itching and hypotension), and protect the kidneys and ears by following trough or AUC levels and creatinine.
氨基糖苷类（gentamicin、tobramycin、amikacin） · Aminoglycosides (gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin)
用于严重革兰阴性感染的强效IV抗生素，黑框警告为肾脏损伤、听力丧失和神经肌肉无力；按时抽取峰值和谷值水平，监测肌酐和尿量，并立即报告耳鸣或头晕。
Potent IV antibiotics for serious gram-negative infections whose boxed warnings are kidney damage, hearing loss and neuromuscular weakness; draw peak and trough levels on time, follow creatinine and urine output, and report ringing in the ears or dizziness immediately.
氟喹诺酮类（-floxacin） · Fluoroquinolones (-floxacin)
广谱抗生素，带有肌腱断裂（与类固醇合用、老年人最严重）、永久性神经损伤、意识模糊和重症肌无力加重的黑框警告；出现肌腱疼痛时停药，在抗酸药、乳制品、钙、铁或锌之前2小时或之后6小时给药，并监测糖尿病患者的血糖。
Broad antibiotics with boxed warnings for tendon rupture (worst with steroids, older adults), permanent nerve damage, confusion and worsened myasthenia gravis; stop for tendon pain, dose 2 hours before or 6 hours after antacids, dairy, calcium, iron or zinc, and monitor glucose in diabetes.
四环素类（doxycycline、minocycline） · Tetracyclines (doxycycline, minocycline)
用于痤疮、Lyme病和非典型肺炎的抗生素，会使发育中的牙齿染色，因此妊娠期和8岁以下儿童避免使用（短期doxycycline疗程除外）；直立时用一整杯水送服，远离乳制品、抗酸药和铁剂，并做好防晒。
Antibiotics for acne, Lyme disease and atypical pneumonia that stain developing teeth, so they are avoided in pregnancy and in children under 8 (short doxycycline courses excepted); take with a full glass of water while upright, away from dairy, antacids and iron, and use sun protection.
大环内酯类（azithromycin、erythromycin、clarithromycin） · Macrolides (azithromycin, erythromycin, clarithromycin)
用于呼吸道和性传播感染的抗生素，也是青霉素过敏时的常用选择；它们会引起胃部不适，延长QT间期（检查其他QT药物），erythromycin和clarithromycin会升高warfarin、他汀类药物和其他经肝脏清除药物的水平。
Antibiotics for respiratory and sexually transmitted infections and the usual choice in penicillin allergy; they upset the stomach, prolong the QT interval (check for other QT drugs), and erythromycin and clarithromycin raise levels of warfarin, statins and other drugs cleared by the liver.
Metronidazole
治疗厌氧菌感染、滴虫病和细菌性阴道病，仅在无法获得口服vancomycin或fidaxomicin时治疗轻度Clostridioides difficile；治疗期间和治疗后3天内禁酒（面部潮红、呕吐、头痛），预期会出现金属味和尿色变深，并报告手或脚麻木或刺痛。
Treats anaerobic infections, trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis, and mild Clostridioides difficile only when oral vancomycin or fidaxomicin is unavailable; no alcohol during treatment or 3 days after (flushing, vomiting, headache), expect metallic taste and dark urine, and report hand or foot numbness or tingling.
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole（TMP-SMX） · Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)
用于尿路感染和Pneumocystis肺炎的磺胺类抗生素；出现任何皮疹时停药，因为可发展为Stevens-Johnson综合征，大量饮水以防止结晶进入肾脏，监测钾和血细胞计数，做好防晒，并预期它会升高服用warfarin时的INR。
The sulfa antibiotic for urinary infections and Pneumocystis pneumonia; stop for any rash because it can become Stevens-Johnson syndrome, push fluids to keep crystals out of the kidneys, watch potassium and blood counts, use sun protection, and expect it to raise the INR on warfarin.
结核病药物（isoniazid、rifampin） · Tuberculosis drugs (isoniazid, rifampin)
数月的联合治疗，其中isoniazid损伤肝脏和神经（给予pyridoxine，避免饮酒，报告尿色变深或麻木），rifampin使尿液、汗液和眼泪变橙色，并使口服避孕药失效；三次痰涂片阴性后患者不再具有传染性。
Months of combined therapy in which isoniazid damages the liver and nerves (give pyridoxine, avoid alcohol, report dark urine or numbness) and rifampin turns urine, sweat and tears orange and makes oral contraceptives fail; a client is no longer infectious after three negative sputum smears.
Acyclovir和valacyclovir · Acyclovir and valacyclovir
抗病毒药可缩短发作但不能治愈任何疾病；复发性单纯疱疹在首次刺痛时或疮出现后24小时内开始，带状疱疹在皮疹后72小时内开始；IV剂量输注至少一小时并给予充足液体以防肾结晶；检查肌酐。
Antivirals shorten outbreaks but cure nothing; start at first tingling or within 24 hours of sores for recurrent herpes simplex and within 72 hours of rash for shingles; infuse IV doses over at least an hour with ample fluids against kidney crystals; check creatinine.
阿片类药物（morphine、hydromorphone、fentanyl、oxycodone） · Opioids (morphine, hydromorphone, fentanyl, oxycodone)
缓解严重疼痛但抑制呼吸和意识；每剂前评估镇静程度和呼吸频率，频率低于12或患者难以唤醒时暂缓使用，治疗永不消失的便秘，并备好naloxone。
Relieve severe pain but depress breathing and consciousness; assess sedation and respiratory rate before each dose and hold for a rate under 12 or a client who is hard to rouse, treat the constipation that never goes away, and keep naloxone available.
Naloxone
阿片类解毒剂，IV、IM或鼻内给药，每2到3分钟重复一次，直到患者恢复呼吸；它在大多数阿片类药物之前失效，因此要持续监测镇静是否再现，并预期会出现突发疼痛和戒断症状。
The opioid antidote, given IV, IM or intranasally and repeated every 2 to 3 minutes until the client breathes; it wears off before most opioids do, so keep monitoring for returning sedation, and expect sudden pain and withdrawal symptoms.
Acetaminophen
止痛退热药，过量会破坏肝脏，而第一天看起来无害；每日总量保持在4克以下（肝脏疾病或经常饮酒时更少），计算复方制剂的含量，并给予acetylcysteine，最好在8小时内。
The pain and fever reliever that destroys the liver in overdose while looking harmless for the first day; keep the total under 4 grams daily (less with liver disease or regular alcohol), count combination products, and give acetylcysteine, best within 8 hours.
NSAIDs（ibuprofen、naproxen、ketorolac） · NSAIDs (ibuprofen, naproxen, ketorolac)
缓解疼痛和炎症，代价是胃出血、肾损伤和心脏病发作或卒中风险；随食物服用，与抗凝药合用时避免使用，肾脏疾病时避免使用，妊娠20周起避免使用，ketorolac通过任何途径总共限用5天。
Relieve pain and inflammation at the cost of stomach bleeding, kidney injury and heart attack or stroke risk; take them with food, avoid them with anticoagulants, in kidney disease and from 20 weeks of pregnancy onward, and limit ketorolac to 5 days total by any route.
Phenytoin
范围狭窄的癫痫药物（10到20 mcg/mL），毒性表现为眼球震颤、共济失调和言语不清；仅在生理盐水中缓慢IV推注并监测心脏，长期使用预期牙龈过度生长，口服给药前后暂停管饲。
A seizure drug with a narrow range (10 to 20 mcg/mL) whose toxicity shows as nystagmus, ataxia and slurred speech; push IV doses slowly in saline only with cardiac monitoring, expect gum overgrowth with long use, and hold tube feedings around oral doses.
Levetiracetam
广泛使用的癫痫药物，相互作用少，无需常规血药水平监测；其标志性副作用为嗜睡和行为变化（易怒、攻击性、抑郁），肾脏疾病时减量，切勿突然停药。
A widely used seizure drug with few interactions and no routine blood levels; the defining side effects are drowsiness and behavior changes (irritability, aggression, depression), the dose drops in kidney disease, and it must never be stopped suddenly.
Carbamazepine
癫痫、三叉神经痛和双相情感障碍药物（范围为4到12 mcg/mL），带有再生障碍性贫血和Stevens-Johnson综合征的黑框警告（携带HLA-B*1502基因的亚洲血统人群最严重）；报告发热、咽喉痛、瘀伤或皮疹，监测钠，避免葡萄柚。
A seizure, trigeminal neuralgia and bipolar drug (range 4 to 12 mcg/mL) with boxed warnings for aplastic anemia and Stevens-Johnson syndrome (worst in people of Asian ancestry with the HLA-B*1502 gene); report fever, sore throat, bruising or rash, watch sodium, and avoid grapefruit.
Valproate（valproic acid、divalproex） · Valproate (valproic acid, divalproex)
癫痫和双相情感障碍药物（范围为50到100 mcg/mL），带有肝衰竭、胰腺炎和出生缺陷的黑框警告；检查肝酶、血小板和氨，报告腹痛、黄疸或容易瘀伤，并预期会出现体重增加和震颤。
A seizure and bipolar drug (range 50 to 100 mcg/mL) with boxed warnings for liver failure, pancreatitis and birth defects; check liver enzymes, platelets and ammonia, report abdominal pain, jaundice or easy bruising, and expect weight gain and tremor.
Carbidopa-levodopa
主要的Parkinson病药物，可补充多巴胺；按时给药（剂量间作用会消退），为预防体位性低血压要缓慢起身，预期会出现无害的尿色和汗液变深，报告新的不自主抽动或强迫行为，并将高蛋白餐食与给药分开。
The main Parkinson disease drug, which replaces dopamine; give it on time (doses can wear off between them), rise slowly for orthostatic hypotension, expect harmless dark urine and sweat, report new jerky movements or compulsive behaviors, and separate high-protein meals from the dose.
Donepezil
减缓Alzheimer记忆丧失但不能治愈的胆碱酯酶抑制剂；预期会出现恶心、腹泻和体重减轻，睡前给药（若引起 生动梦境或失眠则早晨给药），并报告脉搏缓慢或晕厥，因为额外的乙酰胆碱会减慢心率。
A cholinesterase inhibitor that slows Alzheimer memory loss without curing it; expect nausea, diarrhea and weight loss, give at bedtime (morning if it causes vivid dreams or insomnia), and report slow pulse or fainting, because extra acetylcholine slows the heart.
Pyridostigmine
使乙酰胆碱停留在神经肌肉接头的重症肌无力药物；在餐前30到60分钟给药，并区分重症肌无力危象（剂量不足）与胆碱能危象（剂量过多，伴SLUDGE表现），因为两者都会引起无力；atropine仅治疗胆碱能危象。
The myasthenia gravis drug that keeps acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction; give it 30 to 60 minutes before meals, and tell myasthenic crisis (too little) from cholinergic crisis (too much, with SLUDGE), since both cause weakness; atropine treats cholinergic crisis only.
苯二氮卓类药物（-azepam、-azolam） · Benzodiazepines (-azepam, -azolam)
缓解焦虑、终止癫痫发作并治疗酒精戒断，但会抑制呼吸（与阿片类合用有黑框警告），导致老年人跌倒并产生依赖；切勿突然停药，因为戒断可引起癫痫发作，flumazenil可逆转过量，但本身也可引发癫痫发作。
Calm anxiety, stop seizures and treat alcohol withdrawal, but they depress breathing (boxed warning with opioids), cause falls in older adults and create dependence; never stop them abruptly because withdrawal can cause seizures, and flumazenil reverses overdose but can itself trigger seizures.
SSRIs和SNRIs · SSRIs and SNRIs
需4到6周起效的一线抗抑郁药；注意25岁以下患者自杀想法增加（黑框警告），与其他血清素能药物合用时的血清素综合征，老年人的性副作用和低钠血症，并逐渐减量以避免停药症状。
First-line antidepressants that take 4 to 6 weeks to work; watch for increased suicidal thinking in clients under 25 (boxed warning), serotonin syndrome when combined with other serotonergic drugs, sexual side effects and hyponatremia in older adults, and taper them to avoid discontinuation symptoms.
三环类抗抑郁药 · Tricyclic antidepressants
较老的抗抑郁药，也用于神经痛和遗尿，过量可因心律失常而致命，因此对有自杀风险者处方量保持较小；预期会出现抗胆碱效应（口干、便秘、尿潴留）、镇静和体位性低血压。
Older antidepressants, also used for nerve pain and bedwetting, that are lethal in overdose from cardiac arrhythmias, so prescriptions are kept small for anyone at risk of suicide; expect anticholinergic effects (dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention), sedation and orthostatic hypotension.
MAOIs（phenelzine、tranylcypromine、selegiline） · MAOIs (phenelzine, tranylcypromine, selegiline)
最后选择的抗抑郁药，与含酪胺食物如陈年奶酪、腌肉和红酒，或与减充血剂和其他抗抑郁药合用时会引起高血压危象（搏动性头痛、颈部僵硬）；MAOI与SSRI之间间隔2周，从fluoxetine到MAOI间隔5周。
Last-resort antidepressants that cause a hypertensive crisis (pounding headache, stiff neck) with tyramine foods such as aged cheese, cured meats and red wine, or with decongestants and other antidepressants; wait 2 weeks between an MAOI and an SSRI, 5 weeks from fluoxetine to an MAOI.
Bupropion
还可帮助戒烟并保留性功能的抗抑郁药；它降低癫痫发作阈值，因此癫痫障碍、进食障碍以及突然戒酒或戒苯二氮卓类时禁用，并可引起失眠和激动。
An antidepressant that also helps people quit smoking and spares sexual function; it lowers the seizure threshold, so it is contraindicated in seizure disorders, eating disorders and abrupt alcohol or benzodiazepine withdrawal, and it can cause insomnia and agitation.
Lithium
范围狭窄的双相情感障碍情绪稳定剂（0.6到1.2 mEq/L）；高于约1.5的毒性会出现粗大震颤、呕吐、腹泻和共济失调，因此保持盐和液体摄入稳定，避免NSAIDs、噻嗪类和ACE抑制剂，并检查肾功能和甲状腺功能。
The bipolar mood stabilizer with a narrow range (0.6 to 1.2 mEq/L); toxicity above about 1.5 brings coarse tremor, vomiting, diarrhea and ataxia, so keep salt and fluid intake steady, avoid NSAIDs, thiazides and ACE inhibitors, and check kidney and thyroid function.
典型抗精神病药（haloperidol、chlorpromazine、fluphenazine） · Typical antipsychotics (haloperidol, chlorpromazine, fluphenazine)
第一代抗精神病药，可平静精神病症状但引起运动副作用：早期急性肌张力障碍和静坐不能，帕金森样症状，以及晚期迟发性运动障碍；用benztropine或diphenhydramine治疗急性反应，注意抗精神病药恶性综合征（发热、僵硬），并报告咂嘴和舌头运动。
First-generation antipsychotics that calm psychosis but cause movement side effects: acute dystonia and akathisia early, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia late; treat acute reactions with benztropine or diphenhydramine, watch for neuroleptic malignant syndrome (fever, rigidity), and report lip smacking and tongue movements.
非典型抗精神病药（-apine、-idone、aripiprazole） · Atypical antipsychotics (-apine, -idone, aripiprazole)
第二代抗精神病药，运动效应较少，但有代谢代价：体重增加、高血糖和高血脂，因此要追踪体重、血糖和血脂；它们带有痴呆老年人死亡率更高的黑框警告，仍可引起抗精神病药恶性综合征。
Second-generation antipsychotics with fewer movement effects but a metabolic price: weight gain, high glucose and high lipids, so weight, glucose and lipids are tracked; they carry a boxed warning for higher death rates in older adults with dementia and can still cause neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
Clozapine
用于对其他药物抵抗的精神分裂症的抗精神病药，可使中性粒细胞消失；定期检查绝对中性粒细胞计数，计数低时停药，出现发热或咽喉痛立即报告，它还可引起癫痫发作、心肌炎和严重便秘。
The antipsychotic for schizophrenia that resists other drugs and can wipe out neutrophils; the absolute neutrophil count is checked regularly, the drug is held for a low count, fever or sore throat is reported at once, and it also causes seizures, myocarditis and severe constipation.
Buspirone
无镇静作用的抗焦虑药，无依赖或滥用潜力，但不能作为惊恐发作的急救剂量；需2到4周起效，必须每天服用，引起头晕，不应与MAOIs或葡萄柚汁合用。
A non-sedating anxiety drug with no dependence or abuse potential but no use as a rescue dose for panic; it takes 2 to 4 weeks to work, must be taken every day, causes dizziness, and should not be combined with MAOIs or grapefruit juice.
Methylphenidate和amphetamine兴奋剂 · Methylphenidate and amphetamine stimulants
一线ADHD药物和受管制物质，有滥用潜力；预期会出现食欲丧失、失眠和体重减轻，因此当天最后一剂要早给，并追踪儿童的身高和体重，检查心率和血压，并注意抽动和情绪变化。
First-line ADHD drugs and controlled substances with abuse potential; expect appetite loss, insomnia and weight loss, so give the last dose early in the day and track height and weight in children, check heart rate and blood pressure, and watch for tics and mood changes.
Disulfiram和naltrexone · Disulfiram and naltrexone
Disulfiram使任何酒精，包括漱口水、止咳糖浆和须后水，在最后一剂后长达2周内引起面部潮红、呕吐和低血压；naltrexone阻断酒精和阿片类药物的奖赏作用，因此患者必须先停用阿片类药物7到10天。
Disulfiram makes any alcohol, including mouthwash, cough syrup and aftershave, cause flushing, vomiting and hypotension for up to 2 weeks after the last dose; naltrexone blocks the reward from alcohol and opioids, so the client must be opioid-free for 7 to 10 days first.
Oxytocin
诱导或加强分娩并在产后收缩子宫的IV激素；通过输液泵滴定并持续监测胎心，出现10分钟内超过五次宫缩或晚期减速时，停止输注、将患者侧卧、给予氧气并通知医务人员。
The IV hormone that induces or strengthens labor and contracts the uterus after birth; titrate by pump with continuous fetal monitoring, and stop it, turn the client, give oxygen and notify the provider for more than five contractions in 10 minutes or late decelerations.
Magnesium sulfate
预防先兆子痫患者惊厥发作的IV药物；每小时检查深腱反射、呼吸和尿量，反射消失、呼吸低于12或尿量低于每小时30 mL时停药，并备好calcium gluconate作为床旁解毒剂。
The IV drug that prevents eclamptic seizures in preeclampsia; check deep tendon reflexes, respirations and urine output every hour, hold for lost reflexes, respirations under 12 or output under 30 mL an hour, and keep calcium gluconate at the bedside as the antidote.
Methylergonovine、carboprost和misoprostol · Methylergonovine, carboprost and misoprostol
当按摩和oxytocin未能止住产后出血时给予的药物：methylergonovine禁用于高血压或先兆子痫，carboprost禁用于哮喘，misoprostol预期会引起发热、寒战和腹泻；每次给药后复查宫底和出血情况。
The drugs given when massage and oxytocin fail to stop postpartum bleeding: methylergonovine is withheld for hypertension or preeclampsia, carboprost for asthma, and misoprostol is expected to cause fever, chills and diarrhea; recheck the fundus and bleeding after each.
Terbutaline
松弛子宫以短暂延迟早产的β激动剂；注射使用超过48到72小时（以及任何口服使用）带有母体心脏死亡的黑框警告，因此母体脉搏超过120时停药，并报告胸痛。
A beta agonist that relaxes the uterus to delay preterm labor briefly; injectable use beyond 48 to 72 hours (and any oral use) carries a boxed warning for maternal heart deaths, so hold it for a maternal pulse over 120 and report chest pain.
Betamethasone（产前类固醇） · Betamethasone (antenatal steroids)
给予两剂IM，每剂12 mg，间隔24小时，适用于预计在24到34周分娩的妇女，以成熟胎肺并减少呼吸窘迫、脑出血和肠道损伤；监测母亲的血糖和感染征象。
Two IM doses of 12 mg given 24 hours apart to a woman expected to deliver between 24 and 34 weeks, to mature the fetal lungs and cut respiratory distress, brain bleeding and bowel injury; watch the mother's glucose and for signs of infection.
Rho(D)免疫球蛋白 · Rho(D) immune globulin
在28周时、分娩Rh阳性婴儿后72小时内，以及流产、人工流产、羊膜穿刺或腹部创伤后，IM给予Rh阴性且抗体筛查阴性母亲的血液制品；母亲一旦已形成抗体则无效。
A blood product given IM to an Rh-negative mother with a negative antibody screen at 28 weeks, within 72 hours of delivering an Rh-positive baby, and after miscarriage, abortion, amniocentesis or abdominal trauma; it is useless once the mother has already formed antibodies.
Filgrastim和epoetin alfa · Filgrastim and epoetin alfa
Filgrastim在化疗后升高中性粒细胞，引起骨痛，化疗前后24小时内不给予；epoetin alfa在肾脏疾病中升高血红蛋白，但会升高血压和血栓风险，因此血红蛋白超过10到11 g/dL时停药。
Filgrastim raises neutrophils after chemotherapy, causes bone pain and is not given within 24 hours before or after chemotherapy; epoetin alfa raises hemoglobin in kidney disease but raises blood pressure and clot risk, so hold it when hemoglobin passes 10 to 11 g/dL.
Methotrexate
用于癌症、类风湿关节炎和银屑病的叶酸阻断剂，会抑制骨髓并损伤肝脏、肺和口腔黏膜；每周剂量误作每日服用可致命，因此要确认用药计划，按医嘱给予叶酸或leucovorin解救，并预防妊娠。
A folate blocker for cancer, rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis that suppresses the marrow and damages the liver, lungs and mouth lining; weekly doses taken daily by mistake can be fatal, so confirm the schedule, give folic acid or leucovorin rescue as ordered, and prevent pregnancy.
Tacrolimus和cyclosporine · Tacrolimus and cyclosporine
终身服用的移植抗排斥药物，以谷浓度指导剂量；两者都损伤肾脏并升高血压、钾和感染风险，tacrolimus还增加震颤和糖尿病，cyclosporine还增加牙龈过度生长和毛发生长，葡萄柚会升高其水平。
Transplant anti-rejection drugs taken for life with trough levels to guide the dose; both damage the kidneys and raise blood pressure, potassium and infection risk, tacrolimus adds tremor and diabetes, cyclosporine adds gum overgrowth and hair growth, and grapefruit raises the levels.
Potassium chloride
补充低钾，但推注过快会使心脏停跳：切勿IV推注，始终稀释并通过输液泵输注（外周通路约每小时10 mEq），先确认尿量；口服剂量随食物和水服用。
Replaces low potassium but stops the heart if it goes in too fast: never IV push, always diluted and run by pump (about 10 mEq an hour through a peripheral line), with urine output confirmed first; oral doses are taken with food and water.
Sodium bicarbonate
用于严重代谢性酸中毒、高钾血症和三环类药物过量的IV碱剂；它与钙不相容（沉淀），因此给药前后冲洗管路，监测血气以防过度纠正为碱中毒，监测钾下降，并预期会出现钠和液体负荷。
An IV base for severe metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia and tricyclic overdose; it is incompatible with calcium (precipitate), so flush the line before and after, watch the blood gas for overshoot into alkalosis and the potassium for a fall, and expect sodium and fluid load.
高渗盐水（3%） · Hypertonic saline (3%)
用于严重症状性低钠血症的浓盐输注，可缩小肿胀的脑细胞；按医嘱通过输液泵给药（癫痫发作或昏迷时小剂量推注，否则控制输注），每数小时检查钠；切勿以超过8到10 mEq/L的速度纠正，时间窗为24小时，以防脱髓鞘。
Concentrated salt infusion for severe symptomatic hyponatremia to shrink swollen brain cells; give by pump as ordered (small boluses for seizures or coma, otherwise controlled infusion), check sodium every few hours; never correct faster than 8 to 10 mEq/L in 24 hours, to prevent demyelination.
Albumin（IV胶体） · Albumin (IV colloid)
由 混合人血浆制成的胶体，可在休克、烧伤、大量腹腔穿刺和低蛋白状态时将液体拉回血管；无需交叉配血，但要注意输注期间循环超负荷（湿啰音、呼吸困难、血压升高）和过敏反应。
A colloid made from pooled human plasma that pulls fluid back into the vessels in shock, burns, large-volume paracentesis and low protein states; it needs no cross-match, but watch for circulatory overload (crackles, dyspnea, rising pressure) and allergic reactions during the infusion.
Mannitol
将水分从肿胀的大脑中拉出以降低颅内压的渗透性利尿剂；检查输液袋是否有结晶并通过过滤器输注，监测血清渗透压、钠和尿量，并注意液体超负荷、肺水肿或脱水。
An osmotic diuretic that pulls water out of a swollen brain to lower intracranial pressure; inspect the bag for crystals and infuse through a filter, follow serum osmolality, sodium and urine output, and watch for fluid overload, pulmonary edema or dehydration.
痛风药物（allopurinol、colchicine） · Gout drugs (allopurinol, colchicine)
Allopurinol预防痛风发作但不能治疗发作，出现首个皮疹时停药（Stevens-Johnson风险）；colchicine治疗急性发作，出现腹泻或呕吐时停药，这是其毒性的首个征象；两者都要求每天2到3升液体。
Allopurinol prevents gout attacks but cannot treat one and is stopped at the first rash (Stevens-Johnson risk); colchicine treats the acute flare and is stopped for diarrhea or vomiting, its first signs of toxicity; both call for 2 to 3 liters of fluid a day.
Alendronate（双膦酸盐类） · Alendronate (bisphosphonates)
在骨质疏松症中增加骨量，但会灼伤食管；醒来时用一整杯清水送服，保持直立，至少30分钟内不进食、不饮其他饮料、不服其他药物，报告颌骨疼痛或新的大腿疼痛，并保持钙和维生素D充足。
Builds bone in osteoporosis but burns the esophagus; take on waking with a full glass of plain water, stay upright with no food, other drinks or medicines for at least 30 minutes, report jaw or new thigh pain, and keep calcium and vitamin D up.
Tamsulosin和finasteride · Tamsulosin and finasteride
两种常见前列腺药物：tamsulosin松弛膀胱出口，但引起体位性头晕（在同一餐后30分钟服用，白内障手术前告知眼科外科医生），而finasteride在6个月内缩小前列腺，孕妇不得接触。
Two common prostate drugs: tamsulosin relaxes the bladder outlet but causes orthostatic dizziness (take it 30 minutes after the same meal and tell the eye surgeon before cataract surgery), while finasteride shrinks the prostate over 6 months and must not be handled by pregnant women.
复方口服避孕药 · Combined oral contraceptives
雌激素-孕激素药丸，可预防妊娠但增加血栓风险，因此35岁以上吸烟者和有血栓病史者不能服用；教导ACHES（腹痛、胸痛、头痛、眼部变化、严重腿痛）为致电理由，并说明rifampin会使其失效。
Estrogen-progestin pills that prevent pregnancy but raise clot risk, so smokers over 35 and anyone with a clot history cannot take them; teach ACHES (abdominal pain, chest pain, headache, eye changes, severe leg pain) as reasons to call, and that rifampin makes them fail.
铁补充剂 · Iron supplements
口服铁剂空腹时与维生素C一起服用，远离抗酸药；它使粪便变黑并引起便秘；液体铁剂用吸管吸饮以避免牙齿染色；将所有铁剂锁好，因为儿童过量可致命（解毒剂deferoxamine）；IM铁剂采用Z-track注射。
Take oral iron on an empty stomach with vitamin C, away from antacids; it darkens stools and constipates; sip liquid iron through a straw to avoid staining teeth; lock all iron away since child overdose is deadly (antidote deferoxamine); give IM iron by Z-track.
抗组胺药（diphenhydramine、loratadine、cetirizine） · Antihistamines (diphenhydramine, loratadine, cetirizine)
阻断组胺，用于过敏、瘙痒和助眠；第一代药物diphenhydramine有镇静和干燥作用（可导致尿潴留、便秘、意识混乱，老年人跌倒，儿童出现矛盾性兴奋），因此青光眼和前列腺肥大患者应避免使用，而loratadine和cetirizine几乎不进入大脑。
Block histamine for allergies, itching and sleep; first-generation diphenhydramine sedates and dries (urinary retention, constipation, confusion and falls in older adults, paradoxical excitement in children), so it is avoided in glaucoma and prostate enlargement, while loratadine and cetirizine barely cross into the brain.
液体与酸碱
高钾血症 · Hyperkalemia
钾高于5.0 mEq/L，表现为高尖T波，并可使心脏停跳。
Potassium above 5.0 mEq/L, which shows as peaked T waves and can stop the heart.
低钾血症 · Hypokalemia
钾低于3.5 mEq/L，表现为T波平坦和U波，并增加digoxin中毒的风险。
Potassium below 3.5 mEq/L, which shows as flat T waves and U waves and raises digoxin toxicity risk.
低钠血症 · Hyponatremia
钠低于135 mEq/L，引起意识混乱和癫痫发作；要缓慢纠正以保护大脑。
Sodium below 135 mEq/L, causing confusion and seizures; corrected slowly to protect the brain.
Chvostek征 · Chvostek's sign
轻敲面颊时出现面部抽搐，是低钙的征象。
A facial twitch when the cheek is tapped, a sign of low calcium.
Trousseau征 · Trousseau's sign
血压袖带充气时出现手部痉挛，是低钙的征象。
A hand spasm when a blood pressure cuff is inflated, a sign of low calcium.
等渗溶液 · Isotonic solution
一种IV液体，如0.9%生理盐水或乳酸林格液，能扩充血容量，而不会使水进出细胞。
An IV fluid such as 0.9% saline or lactated Ringer's that expands the blood volume without shifting water into or out of cells.
低渗溶液 · Hypotonic solution
一种IV液体，如0.45%生理盐水，能使水进入细胞，绝不能用于颅内压升高的患者。
An IV fluid such as 0.45% saline that moves water into cells, never used with increased intracranial pressure.
ROME
呼吸性相反（Respiratory Opposite）、代谢性相同（Metabolic Equal）：用于判断酸碱问题是呼吸性还是代谢性的捷径。
Respiratory opposite, metabolic equal: the shortcut for telling whether an acid-base problem is respiratory or metabolic.
Kussmaul呼吸 · Kussmaul respirations
深而快的呼吸，呼出二氧化碳以代偿代谢性酸中毒，是DKA的典型表现。
Deep, rapid breathing that blows off carbon dioxide to compensate for metabolic acidosis, classic in DKA.
心脏与休克
肌钙蛋白 · Troponin
心肌损伤最特异的血液标志物，需连续抽取，因为它会在数小时内升高。
The most specific blood marker of heart muscle injury, drawn in series because it rises over hours.
BNP
心室被拉伸时释放的一种激素；高于约100 pg/mL支持心力衰竭的诊断。
A hormone released when the ventricles stretch; above about 100 pg/mL supports heart failure.
左侧心力衰竭 · Left-sided heart failure
使血液淤积到肺部的衰竭，引起湿啰音、呼吸困难、端坐呼吸和泡沫痰。
Failure that backs blood up into the lungs, causing crackles, dyspnea, orthopnea and frothy sputum.
右侧心力衰竭 · Right-sided heart failure
使血液淤积到全身的衰竭，引起颈静脉怒张、水肿和肝肿大。
Failure that backs blood up into the body, causing jugular venous distention, edema and liver enlargement.
脉压 · Pulse pressure
收缩压减去舒张压，正常约为40；休克时变窄，颅内压升高时变宽。
Systolic minus diastolic pressure, normally about 40; it narrows in shock and widens with raised intracranial pressure.
平均动脉压（MAP） · Mean arterial pressure (MAP)
推动血液流向器官的平均压力，必须保持在65 mmHg或以上。
The average pressure driving blood to the organs, which must stay at or above 65 mmHg.
Beck三联征 · Beck's triad
低血压、颈静脉怒张和心音低钝：心脏压塞的征象。
Hypotension, distended neck veins and muffled heart sounds: the signs of cardiac tamponade.
心源性休克 · Cardiogenic shock
由心脏泵衰竭引起的休克，用正性肌力药物治疗，而不是大剂量液体推注。
Shock caused by a failing heart pump, treated with inotropes rather than large fluid boluses.
脓毒性休克 · Septic shock
脓毒症需要血管加压药来将MAP维持在65 mmHg或以上，且在补液后乳酸仍高于2 mmol/L；第一小时：测乳酸、做培养、用抗生素、给予30 mL/kg晶体液和血管加压药。
Sepsis needing vasopressors to keep MAP at 65 mmHg or more, with lactate above 2 mmol/L despite fluids; hour one: lactate, cultures, antibiotics, 30 mL/kg crystalloid and vasopressors.
呼吸
潮汐样波动 · Tidaling
胸腔引流管水封腔内的液面随呼吸正常地升降。
The normal rise and fall of fluid in a chest tube's water-seal chamber with breathing.
漏气（胸腔引流管） · Air leak (chest tube)
水封腔内持续冒泡，意味着空气正在进入系统，或仍在从肺部逸出。
Continuous bubbling in the water-seal chamber, meaning air is entering the system or still escaping the lung.
张力性气胸 · Tension pneumothorax
胸腔内气体在压力下被困住，使气管移向对侧并使循环崩溃；针刺减压可缓解。
Air trapped under pressure in the chest that shifts the trachea away and collapses circulation; needle decompression relieves it.
沉默胸 · Silent chest
在严重哮喘发作中，由于空气不再流动，喘息声消失，是一种呼吸急症。
The disappearance of wheezing in a severe asthma attack because air is no longer moving, a respiratory emergency.
缩唇呼吸 · Pursed-lip breathing
通过撅起的嘴唇缓慢呼气，以使气道保持开放更久，教给COPD患者。
Breathing out slowly through pursed lips to keep the airways open longer, taught to clients with COPD.
非重复呼吸面罩 · Non-rebreather mask
带储氧袋的面罩，只要储氧袋保持充盈，就能输送高达约90%的氧气，流速为10至15 L/min。
A mask with a reservoir bag that delivers up to about 90% oxygen at 10 to 15 L/min, as long as the bag stays inflated.
Venturi面罩 · Venturi mask
带颜色编码接头的面罩，能输送精确的氧气百分比，是COPD的首选。
A mask with color-coded adapters that deliver exact oxygen percentages, preferred for COPD.
肺栓塞 · Pulmonary embolism
血栓阻塞在肺部，引起突发呼吸困难、胸膜炎性胸痛、心动过速和低氧血症。
A clot lodged in the lung, causing sudden dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, tachycardia and hypoxemia.
神经与骨科
Cushing三联征 · Cushing's triad
高血压伴脉压增宽、心动过缓和呼吸不规则：颅内压升高的晚期征象。
Hypertension with a widened pulse pressure, bradycardia and irregular breathing: a late sign of rising intracranial pressure.
最后已知正常时间 · Last known well
卒中患者最后一次被看到正常的时间，溶栓资格的计时由此开始。
The last time a stroke client was seen normal, which starts the clock for thrombolytic eligibility.
自主神经反射异常 · Autonomic dysreflexia
脊髓损伤在T6或以上时出现的突发危险性高血压并伴头痛，通常由膀胱充盈触发。
A sudden dangerous hypertension with headache in spinal cord injuries at T6 or above, usually triggered by a full bladder.
癫痫持续状态 · Status epilepticus
持续超过五分钟的癫痫发作，或反复发作而未恢复，用IV lorazepam治疗。
A seizure lasting more than five minutes or repeated seizures without recovery, treated with IV lorazepam.
谵妄 · Delirium
突发、波动、通常可逆的意识混乱并伴注意力不集中，常由感染、药物、脱水或疼痛引起。
A sudden, fluctuating, usually reversible confusion with inattention, often caused by infection, drugs, dehydration or pain.
骨筋膜室综合征 · Compartment syndrome
肌肉间隔内压力升高，切断血流；最初的征象是与损伤程度不成比例的疼痛和被动牵拉痛。
Rising pressure inside a muscle compartment that cuts off blood flow; the first signs are pain out of proportion and pain on passive stretch.
脂肪栓塞综合征 · Fat embolism syndrome
长骨骨折的脂肪在24至72小时内到达肺和脑，伴呼吸困难、意识混乱和胸部瘀点。
Fat from a long-bone fracture reaching the lungs and brain within 24 to 72 hours, with dyspnea, confusion and chest petechiae.
内分泌
糖尿病酮症酸中毒（DKA） · Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
高血糖伴酮体和酸中毒，通常见于1型糖尿病，用液体、IV regular insulin和钾治疗。
High glucose with ketones and acidosis, usually in type 1 diabetes, treated with fluids, IV regular insulin and potassium.
高血糖高渗状态（HHS） · Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS)
极端高血糖而无明显酮体，通常见于2型糖尿病，伴严重脱水和精神状态改变。
Extreme hyperglycemia without significant ketones, usually in type 2 diabetes, with severe dehydration and altered mental status.
Addison危象 · Addisonian crisis
肾上腺功能不全引起的严重低血压和休克，常由疾病、应激或突然停用类固醇触发；用IV hydrocortisone治疗。
Profound hypotension and shock from adrenal insufficiency, often triggered by illness, stress or abruptly stopped steroids; treated with IV hydrocortisone.
甲状腺危象 · Thyroid storm
甲状腺激素危及生命的激增，伴高热、严重心动过速和躁动。
A life-threatening surge of thyroid hormone with high fever, severe tachycardia and agitation.
黏液性水肿昏迷 · Myxedema coma
严重甲状腺功能减退，伴低体温、心动过缓、低血压和意识水平下降。
Severe hypothyroidism with hypothermia, bradycardia, hypotension and decreased consciousness.
尿崩症 · Diabetes insipidus
抗利尿激素过少，或肾脏对其无反应，产生大量稀释尿，钠不断升高。
Too little antidiuretic hormone, or kidneys that do not respond to it, producing large volumes of dilute urine and a rising sodium.
SIADH
抗利尿激素过多，引起水潴留、尿液浓缩和钠下降。
Too much antidiuretic hormone, causing water retention, concentrated urine and a falling sodium.
GI、肾脏与术后
倾倒综合征 · Dumping syndrome
胃手术后，食物从胃迅速涌入肠道，餐后出现痉挛、出汗和腹泻。
Cramping, sweating and diarrhea after meals when food rushes from the stomach into the intestine after gastric surgery.
内脏脱出 · Evisceration
器官从裂开的手术切口突出；用湿润的无菌纱布覆盖并呼叫外科医生。
Organs protruding through an opened surgical incision; cover with moist sterile gauze and call the surgeon.
裂开 · Dehiscence
手术切口边缘分离，通常在第五至第十天左右。
Separation of the edges of a surgical incision, often around days five to ten.
麻痹性肠梗阻 · Paralytic ileus
手术后肠道停止蠕动，伴腹胀、无排气和肠鸣音消失。
A bowel that stops moving after surgery, with distention, no flatus and absent bowel sounds.
造口 · Stoma
造瘘手术形成的开口，健康时呈粉红色且湿润，发暗或紫色时是急症。
The surgically created opening of an ostomy, healthy when pink and moist and an emergency when dusky or purple.
CAUTI
导管相关性尿路感染，通过无菌插入、封闭系统和尽早拔管来预防。
A catheter-associated urinary tract infection, prevented by sterile insertion, a closed system and early removal.
BUN与肌酐比值 · BUN-to-creatinine ratio
比值高于约20比1且肌酐正常，提示脱水而非肾损伤。
A ratio above about 20 to 1 with a normal creatinine suggests dehydration rather than kidney damage.
母婴
Naegele法则 · Naegele's rule
预产期估计：末次月经的第一天，减三个月，加七天，再加一年。
Estimated due date: first day of the last period, minus three months, plus seven days, plus a year.
VEAL CHOP
Variable（可变）指脐带，Early（早期）指胎头，Accelerations（加速）没问题，Late（晚期）指胎盘：胎心率解码法。
Variable means cord, early means head, accelerations are okay, late means placenta: the fetal heart rate decoder.
晚期减速 · Late decelerations
在宫缩开始后才开始、宫缩结束后才恢复的胎心率下降，是胎盘功能不全的征象。
Fetal heart rate dips that start after a contraction begins and recover after it ends, a sign of placental insufficiency.
子痫前期 · Preeclampsia
20周后新发的高血压，伴尿蛋白或器官受累；magnesium sulfate可预防癫痫发作。
New hypertension after 20 weeks with protein in the urine or organ involvement; magnesium sulfate prevents seizures.
前置胎盘 · Placenta previa
胎盘覆盖宫颈，引起无痛性鲜红色出血；禁止阴道检查。
A placenta covering the cervix, causing painless bright red bleeding; no vaginal exams.
胎盘早剥 · Abruptio placentae
胎盘过早分离，引起疼痛性出血、子宫僵硬和休克风险。
Early separation of the placenta, causing painful bleeding, a rigid uterus and risk of shock.
子宫收缩乏力 · Uterine atony
子宫在分娩后未能收缩，是产后出血最常见的原因；先按摩宫底。
A uterus that fails to contract after birth, the most common cause of postpartum hemorrhage; massage the fundus first.
恶露 · Lochia
分娩后的阴道分泌物，从红色（rubra）到粉棕色（serosa）再到白色（alba）逐渐变化。
Vaginal discharge after birth that progresses from red (rubra) to pink-brown (serosa) to white (alba).
APGAR评分 · APGAR score
新生儿在1分钟和5分钟时对心率、呼吸、肌张力、反射和肤色的评分；7至10为正常。
A newborn score at 1 and 5 minutes for heart rate, breathing, tone, reflexes and color; 7 to 10 is normal.
Rh免疫球蛋白 · Rh immune globulin
在28周时以及分娩Rh阳性婴儿后72小时内给Rh阴性母亲注射，以防止对未来婴儿产生抗体。
The injection given to Rh-negative mothers at 28 weeks and within 72 hours after delivering an Rh-positive baby, to prevent antibodies against future babies.
儿科
钳状抓握 · Pincer grasp
用拇指和食指捏起一个小物体，预计在9至12个月时出现。
Picking up a small object between the thumb and forefinger, expected by 9 to 12 months.
活疫苗 · Live vaccine
由活的、减毒的病毒或细菌制成的疫苗，如MMR、水痘疫苗或BCG，孕期或严重免疫抑制时不接种。
A vaccine made from a live, weakened virus or bacterium, such as MMR, varicella or BCG, not given in pregnancy or severe immunosuppression.
哮吼 · Croup
幼童的病毒性气道感染，伴犬吠样咳嗽和喘鸣，用dexamethasone治疗，静息时有喘鸣时用雾化epinephrine治疗。
A viral airway infection in young children with a barking cough and stridor, treated with dexamethasone and, for stridor at rest, nebulized epinephrine.
会厌炎 · Epiglottitis
会厌的细菌性肿胀，伴流口水和三脚架体位；绝不能检查咽喉。
A bacterial swelling of the epiglottis with drooling and a tripod position; never examine the throat.
法洛四联症缺氧发作 · Tet spell
法洛四联症中突然的发绀发作，通过膝胸位和吸氧缓解。
A sudden cyanotic episode in tetralogy of Fallot, relieved by the knee-chest position and oxygen.
Kawasaki病 · Kawasaki disease
一种儿童疾病，伴五天发热、草莓舌和手部脱皮，用IVIG和aspirin治疗以保护冠状动脉。
A childhood illness with five days of fever, a strawberry tongue and peeling hands, treated with IVIG and aspirin to protect the coronary arteries.
肠套叠 · Intussusception
婴儿肠道套叠，伴突发疼痛、双膝蜷起和果酱样便，用灌肠复位。
A telescoping bowel in infants with sudden pain, drawn-up knees and currant-jelly stools, reduced with an enema.
幽门狭窄 · Pyloric stenosis
婴幼儿胃出口狭窄，引起喷射性呕吐和橄榄形肿块。
A narrowed stomach outlet in young infants causing projectile vomiting and an olive-shaped mass.
分离焦虑 · Separation anxiety
住院婴幼儿在父母离开时经历的抗议、绝望和疏离阶段。
The protest, despair and detachment stages a hospitalized infant or toddler goes through when a parent leaves.
心理健康
治疗性沟通 · Therapeutic communication
如开放式问题、反思和沉默等技巧，使焦点保持在患者的感受上。
Techniques such as open-ended questions, reflection and silence that keep the focus on the client's feelings.
虚假安慰 · False reassurance
告诉患者一切都会好起来，这会否定其感受并终止对话。
Telling a client everything will be fine, which dismisses the feeling and ends the conversation.
血清素综合征 · Serotonin syndrome
血清素能药物过多引起的躁动、发热、出汗、反射亢进和阵挛。
Agitation, fever, sweating, hyperreflexia and clonus from too much serotonergic medication.
抗精神病药恶性综合征（NMS） · Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)
抗精神病药引起的高热、铅管样强直和生命体征不稳定；停药并给患者降温。
High fever, lead-pipe rigidity and unstable vital signs from antipsychotics; stop the drug and cool the client.
酪胺 · Tyramine
陈年奶酪、腌制肉类和红酒中的一种物质，与MAOI合用会引起高血压危象。
A substance in aged cheese, cured meats and red wine that causes a hypertensive crisis with MAOIs.
震颤谵妄 · Delirium tremens
严重的酒精戒断，通常在最后一次饮酒后48至96小时（2至4天）出现，伴意识混乱、躁动、幻觉和生命体征不稳定；可能致命。
Severe alcohol withdrawal, usually 48 to 96 hours (2 to 4 days) after the last drink, with confusion, agitation, hallucinations and unstable vital signs; it can be fatal.
命令性幻觉 · Command hallucination
一个声音告诉患者去做某事，当它命令伤害自己或他人时是急症。
A voice telling the client to do something, an emergency when it orders harm to self or others.
强制报告者 · Mandatory reporter
依法必须报告疑似儿童虐待或忽视的专业人员，包括护士；在大多数州，还包括对老年人和受抚养成年人的虐待或忽视。
A professional, including the nurse, legally required under state law to report suspected abuse or neglect of children and, in most states, of elders and dependent adults.
检验值
左移 · Shift to the left
血液中未成熟中性粒细胞（杆状核）增多，是急性细菌感染的征象。
A rise in immature neutrophils (bands) in the blood, a sign of acute bacterial infection.
中性粒细胞绝对计数（ANC） · Absolute neutrophil count (ANC)
白细胞乘以中性粒细胞和杆状核细胞的合计百分比，再除以100；低于1,500/mm³为中性粒细胞减少，低于500/mm³为严重减少，中性粒细胞减少预防措施通常在低于约1,000/mm³时按政策开始。
White cells times the combined percentage of neutrophils and bands, divided by 100; under 1,500/mm³ is neutropenia, under 500/mm³ is severe, and neutropenic precautions usually start below about 1,000/mm³ per policy.
糖化血红蛋白A1c · Hemoglobin A1c
过去两至三个月的平均血糖；6.5%或更高可诊断糖尿病。
The average blood glucose over the past two to three months; 6.5% or higher diagnoses diabetes.
尿比重 · Urine specific gravity
尿液的浓缩程度，正常为1.005至1.030；脱水时高，尿崩症时低。
How concentrated urine is, normally 1.005 to 1.030; high with dehydration, low with diabetes insipidus.
乳酸 · Lactate
组织灌注不足的标志物；高于2 mmol/L令人担忧，脓毒症中达到4或更高会触发液体推注。
A marker of poor tissue perfusion; above 2 mmol/L is concerning and 4 or more in sepsis triggers the fluid bolus.
TSH
垂体激素，在甲状腺功能减退时高，在甲状腺功能亢进时低。
The pituitary hormone that is high in hypothyroidism and low in hyperthyroidism.
digoxin水平 · Digoxin level
治疗范围约为0.5至2.0 ng/mL；中毒会带来恶心、心动过缓和黄绿色视觉光晕。
Therapeutic range about 0.5 to 2.0 ng/mL; toxicity brings nausea, bradycardia and yellow-green visual halos.
lithium水平 · Lithium level
治疗范围为0.6至1.2 mEq/L；高于约1.5会出现粗大震颤、呕吐和共济失调。
Therapeutic range 0.6 to 1.2 mEq/L; above about 1.5 brings coarse tremor, vomiting and ataxia.
红细胞计数（RBC） · Red blood cell count (RBC)
男性约为4.7至6.1 million/mm³，女性约为4.2至5.4 million/mm³；低意味着贫血或出血，高意味着脱水、慢性缺氧或红细胞增多症。
About 4.7 to 6.1 million/mm³ in men and 4.2 to 5.4 million/mm³ in women; low means anemia or bleeding, high means dehydration, chronic hypoxia or polycythemia.
血红蛋白（Hgb） · Hemoglobin (Hgb)
男性约为14至18 g/dL，女性约为12至16 g/dL；低于7至8 g/dL时通常考虑输血，低于约6至7是危急值。
About 14 to 18 g/dL in men and 12 to 16 g/dL in women; a transfusion is usually considered below 7 to 8 g/dL, and below about 6 to 7 is a critical value.
血细胞比容（Hct） · Hematocrit (Hct)
男性42至52%，女性37至47%，约为血红蛋白的三倍；脱水时升高，尽管红细胞量不变，液体过负荷时下降，出血时也下降，不过急性出血在液体转移或IV液体稀释之前可能看起来正常。
42 to 52% in men, 37 to 47% in women, about three times hemoglobin; rises with dehydration, falls with fluid overload despite unchanged red cell mass, and falls with bleeding, though acute bleeds may look normal until fluid shifts or IV fluids dilute it.
白细胞计数（WBC） · White blood cell count (WBC)
正常5,000至10,000/mm³（有些实验室为4,500至11,000）；高意味着感染、炎症、类固醇或白血病，低见于化疗后或骨髓衰竭，低于约2,000或高于约30,000是危急值。
Normal 5,000 to 10,000/mm³ (some labs 4,500 to 11,000); high means infection, inflammation, steroids or leukemia, low follows chemotherapy or marrow failure, and below about 2,000 or above about 30,000 is critical.
血小板（PLT） · Platelets (PLT)
正常150,000至400,000/mm³；低于约50,000时开始出血预防措施，低于20,000时自发性出血风险上升，低于约10,000至20,000是危急值。
Normal 150,000 to 400,000/mm³; bleeding precautions start below about 50,000, spontaneous bleeding risk climbs below 20,000, and below about 10,000 to 20,000 is a critical value.
平均红细胞体积（MCV） · Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
红细胞的平均大小，正常约为80至100 fL；MCV低指向缺铁，MCV高指向vitamin B12或叶酸缺乏。
The average red cell size, normally about 80 to 100 fL; a low MCV points to iron deficiency, a high MCV to vitamin B12 or folate deficiency.
铁蛋白 · Ferritin
人体的铁储备，男性约为12至300 ng/mL，女性约为12至150 ng/mL；低可确认缺铁性贫血，而它会随炎症升高，因此正常值并不能排除缺铁。
The body's iron store, about 12 to 300 ng/mL in men and 12 to 150 ng/mL in women; low confirms iron-deficiency anemia, while it rises with inflammation, so a normal value does not rule deficiency out.
血清铁和TIBC · Serum iron and TIBC
血清铁约为60至170 mcg/dL，总铁结合力约为250至450 mcg/dL；在缺铁时铁下降而TIBC上升，而在慢性病贫血中铁也下降，但TIBC正常或低。
Serum iron about 60 to 170 mcg/dL and total iron-binding capacity about 250 to 450 mcg/dL; in iron deficiency the iron falls while the TIBC rises, whereas in anemia of chronic disease the iron also falls but the TIBC is normal or low.
凝血酶原时间（PT） · Prothrombin time (PT)
约为11至13.5秒，未用抗凝药时INR为0.8至1.2；它会因warfarin、肝病和vitamin K缺乏而延长，使用warfarin时，要报告的是INR，而不是秒数。
About 11 to 13.5 seconds, with an INR of 0.8 to 1.2 off anticoagulants; it lengthens with warfarin, liver disease and vitamin K deficiency, and on warfarin the INR, not the seconds, is what you report.
aPTT正常范围 · aPTT normal range
未用抗凝药时约为30至40秒；在heparin输注时目标为对照值的1.5至2.5倍（约46至70秒），高于约70秒是危急值：遵循heparin方案，评估出血，并通知提供者。
About 30 to 40 seconds off anticoagulants; on a heparin infusion the goal is 1.5 to 2.5 times control (roughly 46 to 70 seconds), and above about 70 seconds is critical: follow the heparin protocol, assess for bleeding and notify the provider.
带机械心脏瓣膜时的INR目标 · INR target with a mechanical heart valve
大多数warfarin用途（AF、DVT、PE）的目标为2至3，机械主动脉瓣约为2.5，二尖瓣或高风险主动脉瓣约为3（2.5至3.5）；高于5是危急值：暂停该剂量，通知提供者，预计在高于10或出血时给予vitamin K。
Most warfarin uses (AF, DVT, PE) aim for 2 to 3, a mechanical aortic valve about 2.5, and a mitral or high-risk aortic valve about 3 (2.5 to 3.5); above 5 is critical: hold the dose, notify the provider, expect vitamin K above 10 or bleeding.
抗Xa水平（heparin） · Anti-Xa level (heparin)
监测heparin输注的较新方法，普通heparin的目标约为0.3至0.7 units/mL；它在许多医院取代了aPTT，并且不会被患者的基线凝血情况干扰。
The newer way to monitor a heparin infusion, aiming for about 0.3 to 0.7 units/mL for unfractionated heparin; it replaces the aPTT at many hospitals and is not thrown off by a client's baseline clotting.
纤维蛋白原 · Fibrinogen
正常约为200至400 mg/dL；在弥散性血管内凝血中它会降至100以下，因为凝血消耗了它，因此出血患者中纤维蛋白原低而D-dimer升高指向DIC。
Normal about 200 to 400 mg/dL; it falls below 100 in disseminated intravascular coagulation because clotting consumes it, so a low fibrinogen with a rising D-dimer in a bleeding client points to DIC.
D-dimer
一种血栓分解片段，正常低于约0.5 mcg/mL（500 ng/mL）；正常值有助于排除DVT和肺栓塞，而高值不特异，在DIC、手术、妊娠和感染时都会升高。
A clot-breakdown fragment, normally under about 0.5 mcg/mL (500 ng/mL); a normal value helps rule out DVT and pulmonary embolism, while a high one is nonspecific and rises in DIC, surgery, pregnancy and infection.
钠（Na+） · Sodium (Na+)
正常135至145 mEq/L；低于135且下降快时会带来意识混乱和癫痫发作，高于145会带来口渴和烦躁不安；低于120或高于160是危急值，纠正速度不快于约每天8至10 mEq/L。
Normal 135 to 145 mEq/L; below 135 brings confusion and seizures when it falls fast, above 145 thirst and restlessness; critical below 120 or above 160, and correction runs no faster than about 8 to 10 mEq/L a day.
钾（K+） · Potassium (K+)
正常3.5至5.0 mEq/L；低会带来T波平坦、U波和digoxin中毒，高会带来高尖T波和心脏停跳，低于2.5或高于约6.0至6.5是危急值。
Normal 3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L; low brings flat T waves, U waves and digoxin toxicity, high brings peaked T waves and arrest, and below 2.5 or above about 6.0 to 6.5 is critical.
氯（Cl-） · Chloride (Cl-)
正常约为98至106 mEq/L（有些实验室为96至106）；它跟随钠，因此会随呕吐和袢利尿剂下降，随脱水或大量生理盐水上升。
Normal about 98 to 106 mEq/L (some labs 96 to 106); it follows sodium, so it falls with vomiting and loop diuretics and rises with dehydration or large volumes of normal saline.
碳酸氢盐（血清CO2） · Bicarbonate (serum CO2)
化验单上的静脉碳酸氢盐，正常为22至26 mEq/L（有些实验室为23至29）；低意味着代谢性酸中毒，如DKA或腹泻，高意味着代谢性碱中毒，如呕吐，低于10是危急值。
The venous bicarbonate on a chemistry panel, normally 22 to 26 mEq/L (some labs 23 to 29); low means metabolic acidosis such as DKA or diarrhea, high means metabolic alkalosis such as vomiting, and below 10 is critical.
血尿素氮（BUN） · Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
正常10至20 mg/dL；它会随肾功能不全、脱水、消化道出血、高蛋白摄入和类固醇升高，因此BUN高而肌酐正常通常意味着脱水而非肾损伤。
Normal 10 to 20 mg/dL; it rises with kidney dysfunction, dehydration, GI bleeding, high protein intake and steroids, so a high BUN with a normal creatinine usually means dehydration rather than kidney damage.
血清肌酐 · Serum creatinine
正常约为0.6至1.2 mg/dL；它是特异的肾脏标志物，因为饮食和水合几乎不会影响它，肌酐翻倍意味着肾小球滤过率大致减半。
Normal about 0.6 to 1.2 mg/dL; it is the specific kidney marker because diet and hydration barely move it, and a doubling of the creatinine means the glomerular filtration rate has roughly halved.
估算GFR（eGFR） · Estimated GFR (eGFR)
正常为90 mL/min/1.73 m²或更高；低于60，或有肾损伤征象如白蛋白尿，持续三个多月即定义为慢性肾病，低于30为严重，低于15为肾衰竭，此时要计划透析或移植。
Normal 90 mL/min/1.73 m² or higher; below 60, or signs of kidney damage such as albuminuria, for more than three months defines chronic kidney disease, below 30 is severe, and below 15 is kidney failure, when dialysis or transplant is planned.
空腹血糖 · Fasting blood glucose
正常70至99 mg/dL；100至125为糖尿病前期，126或更高且出现两次可诊断糖尿病，而随机血糖为200或更高且伴症状也可诊断。
Normal 70 to 99 mg/dL; 100 to 125 is prediabetes and 126 or higher on two occasions diagnoses diabetes, while a random glucose of 200 or more with symptoms also diagnoses it.
血糖危急值 · Blood glucose critical values
低于70 mg/dL为低血糖（清醒时用15克碳水化合物治疗，不清醒时用IV dextrose或glucagon）；低于40或高于约500是危急值，HHS时高于600。
Below 70 mg/dL is hypoglycemia (treat with 15 grams of carbohydrate if awake, IV dextrose or glucagon if not); below 40 or above about 500 is a critical value, and HHS runs above 600.
糖尿病中的糖化血红蛋白A1c目标 · Hemoglobin A1c target in diabetes
对大多数患糖尿病的成人，治疗目标是A1c低于7%，大致相当于平均血糖150 mg/dL；对有低血糖风险的虚弱或老年患者，采用低于8%的较宽松目标。
For most adults with diabetes the treatment goal is an A1c under 7%, roughly an average glucose of 150 mg/dL; a less strict goal under 8% is used for frail or older clients at risk of hypoglycemia.
总钙（Ca） · Total calcium (Ca)
正常9至10.5 mg/dL；低会带来刺痛、手足搐搦、Chvostek征和Trousseau征以及喉痉挛，高会带来无力、便秘、结石和意识混乱，低于约6或高于约13是危急值。
Normal 9 to 10.5 mg/dL; low brings tingling, tetany, Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs and laryngospasm, high brings weakness, constipation, stones and confusion, and below about 6 or above about 13 is critical.
游离钙 · Ionized calcium
有活性的、未结合的钙，正常约为4.5至5.6 mg/dL（1.1至1.4 mmol/L）；当白蛋白低时，这是值得信赖的值，因为白蛋白低会拉低总钙，而不会改变游离部分。
The active, unbound calcium, normally about 4.5 to 5.6 mg/dL (1.1 to 1.4 mmol/L); it is the value to trust when albumin is low, because a low albumin drags the total calcium down without changing the ionized fraction.
镁（Mg） · Magnesium (Mg)
正常约为1.5至2.5 mEq/L（有些实验室为1.3至2.1）；低会带来震颤、反射亢进和尖端扭转型室速，高会带来反射消失、低血压和呼吸抑制，低于约1或高于约5是危急值。
Normal about 1.5 to 2.5 mEq/L (some labs 1.3 to 2.1); low brings tremor, hyperreflexia and torsades, high brings lost reflexes, hypotension and respiratory depression, and below about 1 or above about 5 is critical.
磷（PO4） · Phosphorus (PO4)
正常2.5至4.5 mg/dL，与钙呈反比；它在肾衰竭时升高（用结合剂、低磷饮食），在再喂养和营养不良时下降，低于约1 mg/dL是危急值。
Normal 2.5 to 4.5 mg/dL and inverse to calcium; it rises in kidney failure (binders, low-phosphorus diet) and falls with refeeding and malnutrition, and below about 1 mg/dL is critical.
白蛋白 · Albumin
正常3.5至5 g/dL；白蛋白低会引起水肿和总钙假性偏低，并反映肝脏合成、蛋白丢失或炎症，因此单凭它不是可靠的营养标志物。
Normal 3.5 to 5 g/dL; low albumin causes edema and a falsely low total calcium and reflects liver synthesis, protein loss or inflammation, so it is not a reliable nutrition marker on its own.
前白蛋白 · Prealbumin
正常约为15至36 mg/dL；其半衰期为两天，因此它比白蛋白更快地反映近期蛋白摄入，低于约10至11提示严重蛋白耗竭，炎症也会使它降低。
Normal about 15 to 36 mg/dL; with a half-life of two days it tracks recent protein intake faster than albumin, below about 10 to 11 suggests severe protein depletion, and inflammation also lowers it.
总蛋白 · Total protein
正常约为6至8 g/dL，是白蛋白和球蛋白之和；在营养不良、肝病和肾病性蛋白丢失时低，在脱水和某些血液癌症如多发性骨髓瘤时高。
Normal about 6 to 8 g/dL, the sum of albumin and globulins; low with malnutrition, liver disease and nephrotic protein loss, high with dehydration and some blood cancers such as multiple myeloma.
氨（NH3） · Ammonia (NH3)
正常约为15至45 mcg/dL；它在肝衰竭时升高并引起肝性脑病（意识混乱、扑翼样震颤），用lactulose治疗，滴定至每天两至三次稀软便，消化道出血或高蛋白饮食会使它升高。
Normal about 15 to 45 mcg/dL; it climbs in liver failure and causes hepatic encephalopathy (confusion, asterixis), treated with lactulose titrated to two or three soft stools a day, and GI bleeding or a high-protein diet raise it.
AST（天冬氨酸氨基转移酶） · AST (aspartate aminotransferase)
正常约为10至40 U/L；它从受损的肝细胞中漏出，见于肝炎、酒精和acetaminophen中毒，也来自心脏和骨骼肌，因此肝脏特异性不如ALT。
Normal about 10 to 40 U/L; it leaks from injured liver cells in hepatitis, alcohol and acetaminophen toxicity, and from heart and skeletal muscle too, so it is less liver-specific than ALT.
ALT（丙氨酸氨基转移酶） · ALT (alanine aminotransferase)
正常约为7至40 U/L（上限因实验室而异）；它是更具肝脏特异性的转氨酶，会随肝炎、脂肪肝、他汀类药物和acetaminophen过量升高，在急性肝炎中常升至数千。
Normal about 7 to 40 U/L (upper limits vary by lab); it is the more liver-specific transaminase, rising with hepatitis, fatty liver, statins and acetaminophen overdose, often into the thousands in acute hepatitis.
碱性磷酸酶（ALP） · Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
正常约为30至120 U/L；它随胆道梗阻（伴GGT和胆红素）、骨生长或疾病如Paget病和骨转移升高，在生长中的儿童和妊娠晚期也正常升高。
Normal about 30 to 120 U/L; it rises with biliary obstruction (with GGT and bilirubin), bone growth or disease such as Paget's and bone metastases, and normally in growing children and late pregnancy.
总胆红素 · Total bilirubin
正常约为0.1至1.2 mg/dL；高于约2至3时黄疸变得可见，水平升高意味着溶血、肝损伤或胆管阻塞，梗阻时有陶土色便和深色尿。
Normal about 0.1 to 1.2 mg/dL; jaundice becomes visible above about 2 to 3, and a rising level means hemolysis, liver damage or a blocked bile duct, with clay-colored stools and dark urine in obstruction.
新生儿胆红素 · Newborn bilirubin
生理性黄疸在24小时后出现，峰值约为5到6 mg/dL，出现在第3到5天；出生后24小时内出现的黄疸为病理性黄疸，光疗阈值遵循按小时划分的AAP图表，水平接近20到25有发生核黄疸的风险。
Physiologic jaundice appears after 24 hours and peaks around 5 to 6 mg/dL on days 3 to 5; jaundice in the first 24 hours is pathologic, phototherapy thresholds follow the hour-specific AAP chart, and levels near 20 to 25 risk kernicterus.
脂肪酶和淀粉酶 · Lipase and amylase
脂肪酶约为0到160 U/L，淀粉酶约为30到110 U/L；两者在急性胰腺炎发作后数小时内升高，脂肪酶特异性更高且持续时间更长，因此是考试更信赖的指标。
Lipase about 0 to 160 U/L and amylase about 30 to 110 U/L; both rise in acute pancreatitis within hours, and lipase is the more specific and stays up longer, so it is the one the exam trusts.
CK-MB
心肌特异性肌酸激酶，正常约为0到3 ng/mL，或低于总CK的5%；梗死后4到6小时升高，12到24小时达到峰值，2到3天恢复正常，因此可提示再梗死。
The heart-specific creatine kinase, normally about 0 to 3 ng/mL or under 5% of total CK; it rises 4 to 6 hours after infarction, peaks at 12 to 24 hours and normalizes in 2 to 3 days, so it flags reinfarction.
总胆固醇 · Total cholesterol
理想水平低于200 mg/dL，临界值为200到239，高值为240或以上；脂质检查通常在非空腹状态下抽血，规定9到12小时禁食适用于非空腹甘油三酯为400 mg/dL或更高的情况，他汀类药物的决策更取决于LDL和整体风险。
Desirable under 200 mg/dL, borderline 200 to 239, high 240 or above; the lipid panel is usually drawn nonfasting, with a 9 to 12 hour fast if nonfasting triglycerides are 400 mg/dL or higher, and statin decisions rest more on LDL and overall risk.
LDL胆固醇 · LDL cholesterol
导致动脉堵塞的胆固醇，最佳水平低于100 mg/dL（已知心脏病或糖尿病患者低于70），接近最佳为100到129，高值为160或以上；他汀类药物、运动和减少饱和脂肪可降低它。
The artery-clogging cholesterol, optimal under 100 mg/dL (under 70 for clients with known heart disease or diabetes), near optimal 100 to 129, high 160 or above; statins, exercise and less saturated fat lower it.
HDL胆固醇 · HDL cholesterol
保护性胆固醇，男性应高于40 mg/dL，女性应高于50；低于40会增加心脏风险，运动、减重和戒烟可升高它。
The protective cholesterol, which should be above 40 mg/dL in men and above 50 in women; below 40 raises heart risk, and exercise, weight loss and quitting smoking raise it.
甘油三酯 · Triglycerides
正常低于150 mg/dL，临界值为150到199，高值为200到499，极高值为500或以上，此时有胰腺炎风险；酒精、糖和未控制的糖尿病会使其升高。
Normal under 150 mg/dL, borderline 150 to 199, high 200 to 499 and very high at 500 or above, where pancreatitis becomes a risk; alcohol, sugar and uncontrolled diabetes drive them up.
游离T4（甲状腺素） · Free T4 (thyroxine)
游离T4约为0.8到1.8 ng/dL（总T4约为5到12 mcg/dL）；甲状腺功能亢进时升高且TSH降低，甲状腺功能减退时降低且TSH升高，levothyroxine的剂量根据TSH调整。
Free T4 about 0.8 to 1.8 ng/dL (total T4 about 5 to 12 mcg/dL); it is high with a low TSH in hyperthyroidism and low with a high TSH in hypothyroidism, and the levothyroxine dose is adjusted by TSH.
皮质醇（晨间血清） · Cortisol (morning serum)
约为5到25 mcg/dL，测量时间为上午8点，傍晚较低；低值提示Addison病或长期类固醇抑制，高值提示Cushing综合征或应激，休克时极低值提示肾上腺危象。
About 5 to 25 mcg/dL at 8 AM, lower in the evening; low points to Addison's disease or long-term steroid suppression, high to Cushing's syndrome or stress, and a very low value in shock is an adrenal crisis.
动脉血pH · Arterial pH
正常为7.35到7.45；低于7.35为酸中毒，高于7.45为碱中毒，低于约7.2或高于7.6为危急值，此时心脏、大脑和药物均无法正常工作。
Normal 7.35 to 7.45; below 7.35 is acidosis and above 7.45 alkalosis, and below about 7.2 or above 7.6 is critical, at which point the heart, brain and drugs all stop working normally.
PaCO2
正常为35到45 mmHg，是ROME的呼吸部分；高值表示通气不足（呼吸性酸中毒，如COPD或阿片类药物所致），低值表示过度通气或代偿，低于20或高于约60到70为危急值。
Normal 35 to 45 mmHg, the respiratory side of ROME; high means hypoventilation (respiratory acidosis, as in COPD or opioids), low means hyperventilation or compensation, and below 20 or above about 60 to 70 is critical.
HCO3（ABG中的碳酸氢盐） · HCO3 (bicarbonate on an ABG)
正常为22到26 mEq/L，是ROME的代谢部分；在代谢问题中与pH同向变化（DKA时降低，呕吐时升高），并为代偿呼吸性问题而变化。
Normal 22 to 26 mEq/L, the metabolic side of ROME; it moves the same direction as pH in metabolic problems (low in DKA, high with vomiting) and shifts to compensate for respiratory ones.
PaO2
正常为80到100 mmHg；低于80为低氧血症，低于60通常表示患者需要补充氧气或更多支持，低于约40为危急值。
Normal 80 to 100 mmHg; below 80 is hypoxemia, below 60 usually means the client needs supplemental oxygen or more support, and below about 40 is critical.
SaO2 / SpO2（氧饱和度） · SaO2 / SpO2 (oxygen saturation)
正常为95到100%；目标为88到92%，适用于潴留CO2的COPD患者，因为过量氧气可升高PaCO2（主要通过加重通气-灌注匹配不均），对于大多数其他成人为94到98%；数值下降意味着给予氧气并查找原因。
Normal 95 to 100%; the target is 88 to 92% in COPD clients who retain CO2, since excess oxygen can raise PaCO2 (mainly by worsening ventilation-perfusion matching), and 94 to 98% for most other adults; a falling value means give oxygen and find the cause.
Phenytoin水平 · Phenytoin level
治疗范围为10到20 mcg/mL；高于20会出现眼球震颤、共济失调和言语不清，该药物长期使用还会引起牙龈增生，因此要教导良好的口腔护理，切勿突然停药。
Therapeutic 10 to 20 mcg/mL; above 20 brings nystagmus, ataxia and slurred speech, and the drug also causes gingival hyperplasia with long use, so teach good oral care and never stop it abruptly.
Theophylline水平 · Theophylline level
治疗范围约为10到20 mcg/mL（较新目标为5到15）；高于20会出现恶心、心动过速和癫痫发作，咖啡因、吸烟变化和许多抗生素会改变其水平。
Therapeutic about 10 to 20 mcg/mL (newer targets 5 to 15); above 20 brings nausea, tachycardia and seizures, and caffeine, smoking changes and many antibiotics shift the level.
Carbamazepine水平 · Carbamazepine level
治疗范围为4到12 mcg/mL；高于约12到15会出现头晕、复视和共济失调，该药物可抑制骨髓，因此要报告发热、咽喉痛或瘀伤，并预期定期检查CBC。
Therapeutic 4 to 12 mcg/mL; above about 12 to 15 brings dizziness, diplopia and ataxia, and the drug can suppress the marrow, so report fever, sore throat or bruising and expect periodic CBCs.
Valproic acid水平 · Valproic acid level
治疗范围为50到100 mcg/mL；高于约100到150会出现镇静、震颤和意识模糊，该药物可损伤肝脏并降低血小板，因此要检查肝酶和CBC。
Therapeutic 50 to 100 mcg/mL; above about 100 to 150 brings sedation, tremor and confusion, and the drug can injure the liver and lower platelets, so liver enzymes and a CBC are checked.
Vancomycin水平 · Vancomycin level
谷浓度目标曾为10到20 mcg/mL（严重MRSA感染为15到20）；许多药房现在按AUC为400到600给药，高于该范围的水平会威胁肾脏和听力。
The trough goal was 10 to 20 mcg/mL (15 to 20 for serious MRSA infections); many pharmacies now dose to an AUC of 400 to 600 instead, and levels above that range threaten the kidneys and hearing.
Acetaminophen水平（毒性） · Acetaminophen level (toxic)
高于约150 mcg/mL的水平（摄入4小时后测得）在Rumack-Matthew列线图上为毒性水平，需要使用acetylcysteine；肝酶通常在2到4天后达到峰值，此时早期恶心已消退。
A level above about 150 mcg/mL drawn 4 hours after ingestion is toxic on the Rumack-Matthew nomogram and calls for acetylcysteine; liver enzymes often peak 2 to 4 days later, after the early nausea has settled.
Magnesium sulfate治疗水平 · Magnesium sulfate therapeutic level
用于先兆子痫输注时约为4到7 mEq/L；深腱反射消失是毒性的首个征象，随后呼吸低于12，尿量低于30 mL/hr，calcium gluconate是床旁备用的解毒剂。
About 4 to 7 mEq/L when infused for preeclampsia; lost deep tendon reflexes are the first sign of toxicity, then respirations under 12 and urine under 30 mL/hr, and calcium gluconate is the antidote at the bedside.
尿液pH · Urine pH
正常约为4.5到8（平均6）；高蛋白饮食、酸中毒和饥饿时尿液呈酸性，素食饮食、分解尿素细菌引起的UTI和某些肾结石时尿液呈碱性。
Normally about 4.5 to 8 (average 6); acidic urine comes with a high-protein diet, acidosis and starvation, alkaline urine with a vegetarian diet, UTI with urea-splitting bacteria, and some kidney stones.
尿蛋白 · Urine protein
试纸检测通常为阴性（每天低于约150 mg）；持续性蛋白尿表示肾脏损伤，妊娠期300 mg或更多（在24小时内）、蛋白与肌酐比值为0.3，或试纸2+有助于定义先兆子痫。
Normally negative on dipstick (under about 150 mg a day); persistent protein means kidney damage, and in pregnancy 300 mg or more in 24 hours, a protein-to-creatinine ratio of 0.3, or a 2+ dipstick helps define preeclampsia.
尿酮体 · Urine ketones
通常为阴性；中量或大量酮体伴高血糖表示身体正在燃烧脂肪供能，如糖尿病酮症酸中毒，因此患病日教导要求每4小时检查一次，并报告持续性酮体或呕吐。
Normally negative; moderate or large ketones with a high glucose mean the body is burning fat for fuel, as in diabetic ketoacidosis, so sick-day teaching checks them every 4 hours and reports persistent ketones or vomiting.
最低尿量 · Minimum urine output
成人应至少为30 mL/hr（0.5 mL/kg/hr），儿童至少为1 mL/kg/hr；持续两小时低于此值表示肾脏灌注不足，如休克、脱水或镁中毒所致，应在肌酐升高前报告。
Adults should make at least 30 mL/hr (0.5 mL/kg/hr) and children at least 1 mL/kg/hr; less for two hours means poor kidney perfusion, as in shock, dehydration or magnesium toxicity, and is reported before the creatinine rises.
新生儿血糖 · Newborn blood glucose
新生儿血糖低于约40到45 mg/dL为低血糖；糖尿病母亲的婴儿、相对于胎龄过大或过小、早产或受冷应激的婴儿需接受筛查，出现抖动、喂养不良或呼吸暂停时需喂养或静脉给予葡萄糖。
A newborn glucose below about 40 to 45 mg/dL is hypoglycemia; infants of diabetic mothers, large or small for dates, preterm or cold-stressed are screened, and jitteriness, poor feeding or apnea call for feeding or IV dextrose.
妊娠期血红蛋白 · Hemoglobin in pregnancy
妊娠期贫血定义为孕早期和孕晚期血红蛋白低于11 g/dL，孕中期低于10.5 g/dL，因为血浆容量扩张快于红细胞；铁剂加维生素C是常用纠正方法。
Anemia in pregnancy is a hemoglobin under 11 g/dL in the first and third trimesters and under 10.5 g/dL in the second, because plasma volume expands faster than red cells; iron with vitamin C is the usual fix.
妊娠期糖尿病筛查（1小时葡萄糖激发试验） · Gestational diabetes screen (1-hour glucose challenge)
在24到28周，患者饮用50克葡萄糖，1小时值为130到140 mg/dL或更高（截断值因实践而异）为筛查阳性，需进一步做3小时试验。
At 24 to 28 weeks the client drinks 50 grams of glucose and a 1-hour value of 130 to 140 mg/dL or higher (the cutoff varies by practice) is a positive screen that sends her to the 3-hour test.
3小时葡萄糖耐量试验（妊娠期糖尿病） · 3-hour glucose tolerance test (gestational diabetes)
给予100克葡萄糖负荷后，截断值为空腹95、1小时180、2小时155、3小时140 mg/dL（Carpenter-Coustan标准），两项或以上达到或超过截断值即可诊断妊娠期糖尿病。
After a 100-gram glucose load the cutoffs are fasting 95, 1-hour 180, 2-hour 155 and 3-hour 140 mg/dL (Carpenter-Coustan), and two or more values at or above them diagnose gestational diabetes.
口诀
EAT（RN绝不委派的内容） · EAT (what the RN never delegates)
Evaluate（评价）、Assess（评估）、Teach（教学）：RN保留的内容，连同判断和病情不稳定的患者；LPN收集数据并强化教学，辅助人员测量并报告常规数据。
Evaluate, Assess, Teach: what the RN keeps, with judgment and unstable clients; LPNs collect data and reinforce teaching, and assistive personnel measure and report routine data.
MY CHICKEN HEZ TB（空气传播预防措施） · MY CHICKEN HEZ TB (airborne precautions)
My = Measles（麻疹），Chicken = Chickenpox (varicella)（水痘），Hez = Herpes zoster（带状疱疹）播散时，TB = Tuberculosis（结核病）：需要N95呼吸器和负压病房的疾病。
My = Measles, Chicken = Chickenpox (varicella), Hez = Herpes zoster when disseminated, TB = Tuberculosis: the diseases that need an N95 respirator and a negative-pressure room.
SPIDERMAN（飞沫预防措施） · SPIDERMAN (droplet precautions)
需要在进入房间时佩戴外科口罩的疾病：脑膜炎球菌性脓毒症（meningococcal Sepsis）、猩红热（Scarlet fever）、链球菌性咽喉炎（Strep throat）、细小病毒感染（Parvovirus）、肺炎（Pneumonia，某些类型）、百日咳（Pertussis）、流感（Influenza）、白喉（Diphtheria）、会厌炎（Epiglottitis）、风疹（Rubella）、腮腺炎（Mumps）、脑膜炎球菌性脑膜炎（meningococcal Meningitis）、支原体感染（Mycoplasma）、腺病毒感染（Adenovirus）。
meningococcal Sepsis, Scarlet fever, Strep throat, Parvovirus, Pneumonia (some types), Pertussis, Influenza, Diphtheria, Epiglottitis, Rubella, Mumps, meningococcal Meningitis, Mycoplasma, Adenovirus: diseases needing a surgical mask on entering the room.
MRS. WEE（接触预防措施） · MRS. WEE (contact precautions)
需要穿隔离衣并戴手套的疾病：多重耐药菌（Multidrug-resistant organisms）、呼吸道合胞病毒（Respiratory syncytial virus）、皮肤感染（Skin infections，如疥疮、脓疱疮、单纯疱疹）、伤口感染（Wound infections，引流中）、肠道感染（Enteric infections，如C. difficile）、眼部感染（Eye infections，病毒性结膜炎）。
Multidrug-resistant organisms, Respiratory syncytial virus, Skin infections (scabies, impetigo, herpes simplex), Wound infections (draining), Enteric infections (C. difficile), Eye infections (viral conjunctivitis): the diseases that need a gown and gloves.
-OLOL（β受体阻滞剂） · -OLOL (beta blockers)
通用名以-olol结尾的药物（metoprolol、atenolol、propranolol）是β受体阻滞剂：检查脉搏，心率低于60时暂停给药，绝不能突然停药。
A generic name ending in -olol (metoprolol, atenolol, propranolol) is a beta blocker: check the pulse, hold for a heart rate under 60, and never stop it abruptly.
-PRIL（ACE抑制剂） · -PRIL (ACE inhibitors)
通用名以-pril结尾的药物（lisinopril、enalapril、captopril）是ACE抑制剂：注意干咳，检查钾，并将血管性水肿作为急症处理。
A generic name ending in -pril (lisinopril, enalapril, captopril) is an ACE inhibitor: watch for a dry cough, check potassium, and treat angioedema as an emergency.
-SARTAN（血管紧张素受体阻滞剂） · -SARTAN (angiotensin receptor blockers)
通用名以-sartan结尾的药物（losartan、valsartan）是血管紧张素受体阻滞剂：是没有咳嗽副作用的ACE抑制剂替代品，具有相同的钾和妊娠警告。
A generic name ending in -sartan (losartan, valsartan) is an angiotensin receptor blocker: the ACE-inhibitor alternative without the cough, with the same potassium and pregnancy warnings.
-STATIN（降胆固醇药物） · -STATIN (cholesterol drugs)
通用名以-statin结尾的药物（atorvastatin、simvastatin）能降低胆固醇：simvastatin在晚上服用（atorvastatin可在任何时间），报告肌肉疼痛（横纹肌溶解），并在开始前检查肝酶。
A generic name ending in -statin (atorvastatin, simvastatin) lowers cholesterol: take simvastatin in the evening (atorvastatin any time), report muscle pain (rhabdomyolysis), and check liver enzymes before starting.
SLUDGE（胆碱能危象） · SLUDGE (cholinergic crisis)
Salivation（流涎）、Lacrimation（流泪）、Urination（排尿）、Defecation（排便）、GI upset（胃肠不适）、Emesis（呕吐）：乙酰胆碱过多（有机磷中毒或胆碱能危象）的征象，用atropine逆转。
Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation, GI upset, Emesis: the signs of too much acetylcholine (organophosphate poisoning or cholinergic crisis), reversed with atropine.
TIRED（低血糖征象） · TIRED (hypoglycemia signs)
Tachycardia（心动过速）、Irritability（易怒）、Restlessness（坐立不安）、Excessive hunger（过度饥饿）、Diaphoresis（出汗）：低血糖的早期征象，在insulin峰值时间检查，并用15克碳水化合物治疗。
Tachycardia, Irritability, Restlessness, Excessive hunger, Diaphoresis: the early signs of low blood sugar, checked at insulin peak times and treated with 15 grams of carbohydrate.
ROME（ABG判读） · ROME (ABG interpretation)
Respiratory Opposite（呼吸性相反，pH和PaCO2向相反方向变化）、Metabolic Equal（代谢性相同，pH和HCO3向相同方向变化）：命名任何酸碱失衡的两步检查法。
Respiratory Opposite (pH and PaCO2 move in opposite directions), Metabolic Equal (pH and HCO3 move together): the two-step check for naming any acid-base imbalance.
MURDER（高钾血症征象） · MURDER (hyperkalemia signs)
Muscle weakness（肌无力）、Urine output low（尿量减少）、Respiratory distress（呼吸窘迫）、Decreased cardiac contractility（心肌收缩力下降）、ECG changes（ECG变化，高尖T波）、Reflexes abnormal（反射异常）：钾高于5.0 mEq/L的征象。
Muscle weakness, Urine output low, Respiratory distress, Decreased cardiac contractility, ECG changes (peaked T waves), Reflexes abnormal: the signs of potassium above 5.0 mEq/L.
SALT LOSS（低钠血症征象） · SALT LOSS (hyponatremia signs)
Seizures（癫痫发作）、Abdominal cramps（腹部痉挛）、Lethargy（嗜睡）、Tendon reflexes diminished（腱反射减弱）、Loss of urine（尿量丧失）and appetite（食欲丧失）、Orthostatic hypotension（直立性低血压）、Shallow breathing（呼吸浅）、Spasms（痉挛）：钠低于135 mEq/L的征象。
Seizures, Abdominal cramps, Lethargy, Tendon reflexes diminished, Loss of urine and appetite, Orthostatic hypotension, Shallow breathing, Spasms: the signs of sodium below 135 mEq/L.
FRIED（高钠血症征象） · FRIED (hypernatremia signs)
Fever（发热）and flushed skin（皮肤潮红）、Restlessness（烦躁不安）、Increased fluid retention（液体潴留增加）and blood pressure（血压升高）、Edema（水肿）、Decreased urine output（尿量减少）and dry mouth（口干）：钠高于145 mEq/L的征象，以及口渴。
Fever and flushed skin, Restlessness, Increased fluid retention and blood pressure, Edema, Decreased urine output and dry mouth: the signs of sodium above 145 mEq/L, along with thirst.
CATS（低钙血症征象） · CATS (hypocalcemia signs)
Convulsions（抽搐）、Arrhythmias（心律失常）、Tetany（手足搐搦）、Spasms and stridor（痉挛和喘鸣）：低钙血症的征象，总钙低于9 mg/dL；轻度下降引起刺痛，严重征象出现在接近7时；甲状腺或甲状旁腺手术后要注意。
Convulsions, Arrhythmias, Tetany, Spasms and stridor: signs of hypocalcemia, total calcium below 9 mg/dL; mild drops cause tingling, severe signs near 7; watch after thyroid or parathyroid surgery.
MONA（心肌梗死药物） · MONA (heart attack drugs)
Morphine、Oxygen（氧气）、Nitroglycerin、Aspirin：疑似心肌梗死的经典记忆清单；如今aspirin最先给予，氧气仅在饱和度低于90%时给予，morphine仅在硝酸酯类无效时给予。
Morphine, Oxygen, Nitroglycerin, Aspirin: the classic recall list for a suspected heart attack; today aspirin comes first, oxygen only below 90% saturation, and morphine only if nitrates fail.
LEFT = LUNGS, RIGHT = REST（心力衰竭分侧） · LEFT = LUNGS, RIGHT = REST (heart failure sides)
左侧衰竭淤积到肺部（Lungs，湿啰音、呼吸困难、泡沫痰），右侧衰竭淤积到身体其他部位（Rest，水肿、颈静脉、肝脏）：心力衰竭症状分类法。
Left-sided failure backs up into the Lungs (crackles, dyspnea, frothy sputum) and Right-sided failure into the Rest of the body (edema, neck veins, liver): the heart failure symptom sorter.
VEAL CHOP（胎心率减速） · VEAL CHOP (fetal heart rate decelerations)
Variable = Cord compression（可变减速 = 脐带受压）、Early = Head compression（早期减速 = 胎头受压）、Accelerations = Okay（加速 = 正常）、Late = Placental insufficiency（晚期减速 = 胎盘功能不全）：如何在胎心监护仪上解读每种减速模式。
Variable = Cord compression, Early = Head compression, Accelerations = Okay, Late = Placental insufficiency: how to read each deceleration pattern on a fetal monitor.
TORCH（可穿过胎盘的感染） · TORCH (infections that cross the placenta)
Toxoplasmosis（弓形虫病）、Other（其他，梅毒、水痘、细小病毒、HIV）、Rubella（风疹）、Cytomegalovirus（巨细胞病毒）、Herpes simplex（单纯疱疹）：可在孕期或分娩时传给胎儿或新生儿并引起出生缺陷的感染。
Toxoplasmosis, Other (syphilis, varicella, parvovirus, HIV), Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex: infections that can pass to the fetus or newborn, in pregnancy or at birth, and cause birth defects.
APGAR（新生儿评分） · APGAR (newborn score)
Appearance（外观，肤色）、Pulse（脉搏）、Grimace（鬼脸，反射反应）、Activity（活动，肌张力）、Respiration（呼吸）：五项新生儿征象，每项按0至2分评分，在1分钟和5分钟时进行。
Appearance (color), Pulse, Grimace (reflex irritability), Activity (muscle tone), Respiration: the five newborn signs scored 0 to 2 each at 1 and 5 minutes.
BUBBLE-LE（产后评估） · BUBBLE-LE (postpartum assessment)
Breasts（乳房）、Uterus（子宫，宫底硬、居中）、Bladder（膀胱）、Bowel（肠道）、Lochia（恶露）、Episiotomy or incision（会阴切开或切口）、Legs（双腿，血栓）、Emotions（情绪）：产后从头到脚的顺序（旧形式BUBBLE-HE，H指Homans征）。
Breasts, Uterus (fundus firm, midline), Bladder, Bowel, Lochia, Episiotomy or incision, Legs (clots), Emotions: the postpartum head-to-toe order (older form BUBBLE-HE, H for Homans' sign).
GTPAL（产科病史） · GTPAL (obstetric history)
Gravida（孕次，总妊娠次数）、Term births（足月产，37周或以上）、Preterm births（早产，20至36周）、Abortions（流产，20周前丢失）、Living children（存活子女）：记录产科病史的方法。
Gravida (total pregnancies), Term births (37 weeks or more), Preterm births (20 to 36 weeks), Abortions (losses before 20 weeks), Living children: how to record an obstetric history.
PROVe（法洛四联症） · PROVe (tetralogy of Fallot)
Pulmonary stenosis（肺动脉狭窄）、Right ventricular hypertrophy（右心室肥厚）、Overriding aorta（主动脉骑跨）、Ventricular septal defect（室间隔缺损）：法洛四联症的四个缺陷，是法洛四联症发作背后的发绀型心脏缺陷。
Pulmonary stenosis, Right ventricular hypertrophy, Overriding aorta, Ventricular septal defect: the four defects of tetralogy of Fallot, the cyanotic heart defect behind tet spells.
SIG E CAPS（抑郁症状） · SIG E CAPS (depression symptoms)
Sleep change（睡眠改变）、Interest lost（兴趣丧失）、Guilt（内疚）、Energy low（精力低下）、Concentration poor（注意力差）、Appetite change（食欲改变）、Psychomotor change（精神运动性改变）、Suicidal thoughts（自杀想法）：重度抑郁需要五项持续两周，包括情绪低落或兴趣丧失。
Sleep change, Interest lost, Guilt, Energy low, Concentration poor, Appetite change, Psychomotor change, Suicidal thoughts: major depression needs five for two weeks, including low mood or lost interest.
SAD PERSONS（自杀风险因素） · SAD PERSONS (suicide risk factors)
Sex male（男性）、Age（年龄低于19岁或高于45岁）、Depression（抑郁）、Previous attempt（既往尝试）、Ethanol use（饮酒）、Rational thinking loss（理性思维丧失）、Social support lacking（社会支持不足）、Organized plan（有组织的计划）、No spouse（无配偶）、Sickness（疾病）：经典的自杀风险清单。
Sex male, Age under 19 or over 45, Depression, Previous attempt, Ethanol use, Rational thinking loss, Social support lacking, Organized plan, No spouse, Sickness: the classic suicide risk checklist.
HOT AND NERVOUS, COLD AND SLUGGISH（甲状腺） · HOT AND NERVOUS, COLD AND SLUGGISH (thyroid)
甲状腺功能亢进是又热又紧张（不耐热、体重减轻、心动过速、震颤）；甲状腺功能减退是又冷又迟缓（不耐冷、体重增加、心动过缓、便秘）：甲状腺症状分类法。
Hyperthyroidism runs hot and nervous (heat intolerance, weight loss, tachycardia, tremor); hypothyroidism runs cold and sluggish (cold intolerance, weight gain, bradycardia, constipation): the thyroid symptom sorter.
ADDISON'S = ADD, CUSHING'S = CUSHION（肾上腺疾病） · ADDISON'S = ADD, CUSHING'S = CUSHION (adrenal disorders)
Addison病是皮质醇过少，所以要ADD（补充）类固醇（低血压、低钠、高钾）；Cushing病是皮质醇过多，是脂肪的CUSHION（垫子）（满月脸、高血糖、高血压）。
Addison's is too little cortisol, so ADD steroids (low pressure, low sodium, high potassium); Cushing's is too much, a CUSHION of fat (moon face, high glucose, high pressure).
RACE（火灾应对） · RACE (fire response)
Rescue（救援）任何处于危险中的人、Alarm（报警，拉响并呼叫）、Confine（控制）关门以限制火势、Extinguish or Evacuate（灭火或撤离）：发现火灾时采取行动的顺序。
Rescue anyone in danger, Alarm (pull it and call), Confine the fire by closing doors, Extinguish or Evacuate: the order of actions when you discover a fire.
PASS（灭火器） · PASS (fire extinguisher)
Pull the pin（拔掉保险销）、Aim（瞄准）at the base of the fire（火焰底部）、Squeeze the handle（压下手柄）、Sweep side to side（左右扫射）：在RACE已经启动后如何使用灭火器。
Pull the pin, Aim at the base of the fire, Squeeze the handle, Sweep side to side: how to use a fire extinguisher once RACE has been started.
FAST（卒中识别） · FAST (stroke recognition)
Face drooping（面部下垂）、Arm weakness（手臂无力）、Speech difficulty（言语困难）、Time to call for help（是时候呼叫帮助）and note the time（并记录时间）：公众卒中筛查（BE FAST还增加了Balance平衡和Eyes眼睛）。
Face drooping, Arm weakness, Speech difficulty, Time to call for help and note the time: the public stroke screen (BE FAST adds Balance and Eyes).
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