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🧠 心理社会完整性 · 第3课,共6课 · 8 min

lithium、SSRIs、MAOIs 以及它们引起的急症

Lithium, SSRIs, MAOIs and the Emergencies They Cause

🧂 一位服用 lithium 的患者开始使用一种新的利尿剂,采用低盐饮食,并在七月为半程马拉松进行训练。每一个选择看起来都很健康。它们组合在一起就构成了考试最喜欢构建的中毒案例。

🧂 A client on lithium starts a new diuretic, goes on a low-salt diet, and trains for a half marathon in July. Each choice looks healthy. Together they are a toxicity case the exam loves to build.

💡 核心要点

Lithium 水平为0.6至1.2,并保持盐和水的摄入稳定。血清素综合征:发热、反射亢进、激越。MAOI 加 tyramine:高血压危象。NMS:发热和强直;停药。

Lithium 0.6 to 1.2 with steady salt and water. Serotonin syndrome: hot, hyperreflexic, agitated. MAOI plus tyramine: hypertensive crisis. NMS: fever and rigidity; stop the drug.

🧠 为什么重要

LITHIUM:治疗水平为0.6至1.2 mEq/L;中毒水平约为1.5以上,表现为粗大震颤、恶心、呕吐、腹泻、共济失调和意识混乱,2.5以上则表现为癫痫发作和心律失常。保持钠和液体的摄入稳定:出汗、脱水、低盐饮食、NSAIDs 和噻嗪类利尿剂都会升高 lithium 水平。SSRIs 需要2至4周才能起效;联合使用血清素能药物可引起血清素综合征(SEROTONIN SYNDROME):激越、高热、出汗、反射亢进和阵挛。切勿突然停用 SSRIs。MAOIs 加上富含 TYRAMINE 的食物(陈年奶酪、腌制肉类、红葡萄酒、酱油、发酵食品)会引起高血压危象(HYPERTENSIVE CRISIS),并伴有严重头痛。三环类药物(TRICYCLICS)具有抗胆碱能作用,过量服用可致命,因此要限制高风险患者的药物供应量。抗精神病药(ANTIPSYCHOTICS)会引起锥体外系症状(急性肌张力障碍、静坐不能、假性帕金森综合征,以及可能永久存在的迟发性运动障碍)和抗精神病药恶性综合征(NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME):高热、铅管样肌肉强直和自主神经不稳定;要停药并为患者降温。CLOZAPINE 会引起粒细胞缺乏症,因此要监测中性粒细胞绝对计数,并报告咽喉痛或发热。BENZODIAZEPINES 切勿突然停用,因为这会引起戒断性癫痫发作。

LITHIUM: therapeutic level 0.6 to 1.2 mEq/L; toxicity above about 1.5 shows as coarse tremor, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, ataxia and confusion, and above 2.5 as seizures and arrhythmias. Keep sodium and fluid intake steady: sweating, dehydration, low-salt diets, NSAIDs and thiazide diuretics all raise lithium levels. SSRIs take 2 to 4 weeks to work; combining serotonergic drugs can cause SEROTONIN SYNDROME: agitation, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, hyperreflexia and clonus. Never stop SSRIs abruptly. MAOIs plus TYRAMINE-rich foods (aged cheese, cured meats, red wine, soy sauce, fermented foods) cause a HYPERTENSIVE CRISIS with severe headache. TRICYCLICS are anticholinergic and lethal in overdose, so limit the supply for at-risk clients. ANTIPSYCHOTICS cause extrapyramidal symptoms (acute dystonia, akathisia, pseudoparkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia, which can be permanent) and NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME: high fever, lead-pipe muscle rigidity and autonomic instability; stop the drug and cool the client. CLOZAPINE causes agranulocytosis, so monitor the absolute neutrophil count and report sore throat or fever. BENZODIAZEPINES are never stopped abruptly because of withdrawal seizures.

🏥 真实场景

🌡️ 在加用第二种抗精神病药两天后,一位患者体温达到40.2 °C,身体僵硬如木板并出汗,血压在180/100和90/60之间波动。这是抗精神病药恶性综合征,而不是感染。护士暂停使用抗精神病药,开始采取降温措施,并呼叫医疗服务提供者。随后使用 Dantrolene 并提供支持性护理。如果病历只写着“发热,已开始使用抗生素”,就会漏掉这一点。

🌡️ Two days after a second antipsychotic is added, a client has a temperature of 40.2 °C, is rigid as a board and sweating with a blood pressure swinging between 180/100 and 90/60. This is neuroleptic malignant syndrome, not an infection. The nurse holds the antipsychotic, starts cooling measures and calls for the provider. Dantrolene and supportive care follow. A chart that said 'fever, started antibiotics' would have missed it.

📌 要点总结

  • Lithium 会因脱水、低钠、NSAIDs 和噻嗪类药物而升高Lithium rises with dehydration, low sodium, NSAIDs and thiazides
  • SSRIs:需要2至4周起效;注意血清素综合征SSRIs: 2 to 4 weeks to work; watch for serotonin syndrome
  • NMS:发热、强直、自主神经不稳定;clozapine:中性粒细胞计数NMS: fever, rigidity, autonomic instability; clozapine: neutrophil counts

📖 本课术语

血清素综合征 (Serotonin syndrome): 血清素能药物过多引起的躁动、发热、出汗、反射亢进和阵挛。

抗精神病药恶性综合征(NMS) (Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)): 抗精神病药引起的高热、铅管样强直和生命体征不稳定;停药并给患者降温。

酪胺 (Tyramine): 陈年奶酪、腌制肉类和红酒中的一种物质,与MAOI合用会引起高血压危象。

SSRIs和SNRIs (SSRIs and SNRIs): 需4到6周起效的一线抗抑郁药;注意25岁以下患者自杀想法增加(黑框警告),与其他血清素能药物合用时的血清素综合征,老年人的性副作用和低钠血症,并逐渐减量以避免停药症状。

三环类抗抑郁药 (Tricyclic antidepressants): 较老的抗抑郁药,也用于神经痛和遗尿,过量可因心律失常而致命,因此对有自杀风险者处方量保持较小;预期会出现抗胆碱效应(口干、便秘、尿潴留)、镇静和体位性低血压。

MAOIs(phenelzine、tranylcypromine、selegiline) (MAOIs (phenelzine, tranylcypromine, selegiline)): 最后选择的抗抑郁药,与含酪胺食物如陈年奶酪、腌肉和红酒,或与减充血剂和其他抗抑郁药合用时会引起高血压危象(搏动性头痛、颈部僵硬);MAOI与SSRI之间间隔2周,从fluoxetine到MAOI间隔5周。

Bupropion: 还可帮助戒烟并保留性功能的抗抑郁药;它降低癫痫发作阈值,因此癫痫障碍、进食障碍以及突然戒酒或戒苯二氮卓类时禁用,并可引起失眠和激动。

Lithium: 范围狭窄的双相情感障碍情绪稳定剂(0.6到1.2 mEq/L);高于约1.5的毒性会出现粗大震颤、呕吐、腹泻和共济失调,因此保持盐和液体摄入稳定,避免NSAIDs、噻嗪类和ACE抑制剂,并检查肾功能和甲状腺功能。

Buspirone: 无镇静作用的抗焦虑药,无依赖或滥用潜力,但不能作为惊恐发作的急救剂量;需2到4周起效,必须每天服用,引起头晕,不应与MAOIs或葡萄柚汁合用。

Methylphenidate和amphetamine兴奋剂 (Methylphenidate and amphetamine stimulants): 一线ADHD药物和受管制物质,有滥用潜力;预期会出现食欲丧失、失眠和体重减轻,因此当天最后一剂要早给,并追踪儿童的身高和体重,检查心率和血压,并注意抽动和情绪变化。

✅ 自我测试

一位服用 lithium 的患者报告呕吐、腹泻、手部粗大震颤并感到站立不稳。lithium 水平为1.9 mEq/L。护士首先应做什么?A client on lithium reports vomiting, diarrhea, coarse hand tremors and feeling unsteady. The lithium level is 1.9 mEq/L. What should the nurse do first?
  1. 给予下一次计划剂量,明天重新检查水平Give the next scheduled dose and recheck the level tomorrow
  2. 暂停使用 lithium 并通知医疗服务提供者Hold the lithium and notify the provider
  3. 鼓励低钠饮食Encourage a low-sodium diet
  4. 给予 NSAID 以缓解不适Administer an NSAID for discomfort

答案: B · 暂停使用 lithium 并通知医疗服务提供者

这些是 lithium 水平高于治疗范围的中毒迹象。要暂停用药,通知医疗服务提供者,并准备 IV 补液和监测;低钠和 NSAIDs 会进一步升高水平。

These are signs of lithium toxicity above the therapeutic range. Hold the drug, notify the provider and prepare for IV fluids and monitoring; low sodium and NSAIDs would raise the level further.

应教导服用 MAOI 的患者避免哪种食物?A client taking an MAOI should be taught to avoid which food?
  1. 新鲜煮熟的白米饭Freshly cooked white rice
  2. 新鲜烤鸡胸肉Fresh grilled chicken breast
  3. 新鲜苹果和梨Fresh apples and pears
  4. 陈年切达奶酪Aged cheddar cheese

答案: D · 陈年切达奶酪

陈年奶酪富含 tyramine,与 MAOI 合用可引发高血压危象。新鲜烤鸡是安全的;要避免的肉类是陈年、腌制、熏制或发酵的肉类,因为 tyramine 会随着时间积聚。

Aged cheeses are high in tyramine, which with an MAOI can trigger a hypertensive crisis. Fresh grilled chicken is safe; the meats to avoid are aged, cured, smoked or fermented, where tyramine builds up over time.

一位服用 clozapine 的患者报告咽喉痛和发热。首要关注的问题是什么?A client taking clozapine reports a sore throat and fever. What is the priority concern?
  1. Lithium 中毒Lithium toxicity
  2. 迟发性运动障碍Tardive dyskinesia
  3. 血清素综合征Serotonin syndrome
  4. 粒细胞缺乏症Agranulocytosis

答案: D · 粒细胞缺乏症

Clozapine 可抑制中性粒细胞;出现感染迹象需要立即检查中性粒细胞绝对计数(ANC),如果 ANC 较低则暂停用药。血清素综合征可引起发热,但它伴有来自血清素能药物的激越、震颤和反射亢进,而不是咽喉痛。

Clozapine can suppress neutrophils; infection signs require an immediate absolute neutrophil count (ANC) and holding the drug if the ANC is low. Serotonin syndrome can cause fever, but it comes with agitation, tremor and hyperreflexia from serotonergic drugs, not a sore throat.

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