📖 Glosè swen enfimyè
316 tèm swen enfimyè, chak eksplike nan yon fraz klè, ak leson ki anseye l la.
Egzamen an
Tès adaptatif sou òdinatè (CAT) · Computer adaptive testing (CAT)
Yon egzamen ki chwazi chak pwochen kesyon dapre repons ou bay deja yo, pandan l ap chèche nivo kote ou kòmanse manke repons yo.
An exam that picks each next question based on your answers so far, hunting for the level where you start to miss.
📚 Aprann li: Poukisa Chak Kesyon Sanble Difisil (Se Sa Ki Objektif la)
Nòm pou pase · Passing standard
Nivo kapasite NCSBN fikse a ke yo dwe demontre yon kandida depase li, ak 95% konfyans, pou l pase.
The ability level set by NCSBN that a candidate must be shown to be above, with 95% confidence, to pass.
Modèl Mezi Jijman Klinik · Clinical Judgment Measurement Model
Modèl NCSBN an ki gen sis etap (rekonèt siy yo, analize siy yo, bay ipotèz yo priyorite, jwenn solisyon, aji, evalye rezilta yo) ke kesyon etid ka yo swiv.
NCSBN's six-step model (recognize cues, analyze cues, prioritize hypotheses, generate solutions, take action, evaluate outcomes) that case-study items follow.
Chwazi tout repons ki bon yo (SATA) · Select all that apply (SATA)
Yon kesyon kote nenpòt kantite opsyon ka bon, kidonk yo jije chak opsyon pou kont li kòm vre oswa fo.
An item where any number of options can be correct, so each option is judged on its own as true or false.
📚 Aprann li: SATA: Chak Opsyon Se Pwòp Kesyon Vrè-oswa-Fo Li
Kesyon papiyon (bowtie) · Bowtie item
Yon kesyon ki kanpe pou kont li kote ou chwazi pwoblèm pasyan an gen plis chans genyen an (nan mitan), de aksyon pou w fè (agòch) ak de paramèt pou w siveye (adwat) nan lis opsyon yo.
A stand-alone item in which you choose the client's most likely condition (center), two actions to take (left) and two parameters to monitor (right) from lists of options.
📚 Aprann li: Bowtie a: Kondisyon an nan Mitan, Aksyon yo a Gòch, Paramèt yo a Dwa
Kesyon matris · Matrix item
Yon griy pou klase chak ranje (yon rezilta oswa yon preskripsyon) nan yon kolòn (matris chwa miltip) oswa nan youn oswa plizyè kolòn (matris repons miltip), ak nòt pasyèl.
A grid for classifying each row (a finding or order) into one column (matrix multiple choice) or one or more columns (matrix multiple response), with partial-credit scoring.
Otorizasyon pou Fè Tès la (ATT) · Authorization to Test (ATT)
Pèmisyon yo voye ba ou pa imèl pou w pwograme egzamen an, ki valab pou yon peryòd limite òganis reglemantasyon enfimyè ou a fikse.
The emailed permission to schedule the exam, valid for a limited window set by your nursing regulatory body.
Rapò Pèfòmans Kandida · Candidate Performance Report
Detay pa domèn kontni kandida ki pa pase yo resevwa, ke yo itilize pou planifye pwochen tantativ la.
The breakdown by content area that candidates who do not pass receive, used to plan the next attempt.
Priyorite ak jesyon
ABCs
Premye règ priyorite a: pwoblèm pasaj lè yo pase anvan pwoblèm respirasyon, ki pase anvan pwoblèm sikilasyon.
The first prioritization rule: airway problems outrank breathing problems, which outrank circulation problems.
📚 Aprann li: Vwa Respiratwa, Respirasyon, Sikilasyon: Sa ki Tranche
Yerachi Maslow · Maslow's hierarchy
Yon klasman bezwen kote bezwen fizyolojik yo vini anvan sekirite, epi toude vini anvan bezwen emosyonèl yo.
A ranking of needs where physiological needs come before safety, and both come before emotional needs.
Pwosesis enfimyè (ADPIE) · Nursing process (ADPIE)
Evalyasyon, dyagnostik, planifikasyon, aplikasyon ak reevalyasyon, sik chak plan swen swiv la.
Assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation and evaluation, the cycle every plan of care follows.
📚 Aprann li: ADPIE: Dyagnostik Enfimyè Pa Dyagnostik Medikal
Delegasyon · Delegation
Kite yon moun ki konpetan fè yon travay enfimyè espesifik ki depase wòl abityèl li; moun yo delege a responsab pou l fè l, enfimyè a responsab pou delegasyon an ak sipèvizyon an.
Allowing a competent person to perform a specific nursing task beyond their usual role; the delegatee is accountable for doing it, the nurse for delegating and supervising.
Senk dwa delegasyon yo · Five rights of delegation
Bon travay, bon sikonstans, bon moun, bon direksyon ak bon sipèvizyon.
Right task, right circumstance, right person, right direction and right supervision.
Pèsonèl asistans san lisans (UAP) · Unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP)
Anplwaye tankou asistan enfimyè ki fè travay woutin, previzib pou pasyan ki estab anba direksyon enfimyè a.
Staff such as nursing assistants who do routine, predictable tasks for stable clients under the nurse's direction.
Triyaj START · START triage
Yon sistèm triyaj an katastwòf ki make viktim yo wouj (imedyat), jòn (ka tann), vèt (mine) oswa nwa (pa gen espwa siviv).
A disaster sorting system that tags victims red (immediate), yellow (delayed), green (minor) or black (expectant).
Konsantman enfòme · Informed consent
Akò volontè yon pasyan ki konpetan bay pou yon pwosedi apre pwofesyonèl la esplike risk li yo, benefis li yo ak lòt opsyon yo.
A competent client's voluntary agreement to a procedure after the provider explains its risks, benefits and alternatives.
📚 Aprann li: Ki Travay Ki Konsantman Enfòme? (Se Pa Travay Ou)
Direktiv davans · Advance directive
Yon dokiman ki di sa pasyan an vle kòm tretman oswa ki nonmen yon moun pou deside lè pasyan an pa ka deside.
A document stating a client's treatment wishes or naming a decision-maker for when the client cannot decide.
📚 Aprann li: Testaman Lavi, Pwokirasyon ak DNR Ki Pa Vle Di 'Pa Trete'
Preskripsyon pa resisite (DNR) · Do-not-resuscitate order (DNR)
Preskripsyon yon pwofesyonèl pou pa fè CPR lè kè a oswa respirasyon an rete; lòt tretman yo kontinye sof si lòt preskripsyon separe oswa volonte pasyan an limite yo.
A provider's order to withhold CPR in cardiac or respiratory arrest; other treatments continue unless limited by separate orders or the client's wishes.
📚 Aprann li: Testaman Lavi, Pwokirasyon ak DNR Ki Pa Vle Di 'Pa Trete'
SBAR
Sitiyasyon, antesedan, evalyasyon, rekòmandasyon: estrikti pou rapòte yon pwoblèm pasyan bay yon pwofesyonèl.
Situation, background, assessment, recommendation: the structure for reporting a client problem to a provider.
📚 Aprann li: SBAR, Transmisyon ak Kilè pou Monte Chèn Kòmandman an
Rapò ensidan · Incident report
Yon dokiman kalite entèn yo ranpli pou nenpòt evènman ki pa nòmal, yo pa janm mete l ni mansyone l nan dosye pasyan an; yo note fè evènman an, evalyasyon an ak swen yo bay la objektivman nan dosye a.
An internal quality document filed for any unusual event, never placed in or mentioned in the client's chart; event facts, assessment and care given are charted objectively.
📚 Aprann li: Rapò Ensidan, Koz Rasin ak Ki Moun pou Refere Bay
Sekirite ak enfeksyon
Prekosyon estanda · Standard precautions
Ijyèn men, ekipman pwoteksyon ki koresponn ak ekspozisyon yo prevwa a, ak pratik sekirite pou objè pike ak piki yo itilize ak chak pasyan, kèlkeswa dyagnostik la.
The hand hygiene, protective equipment matched to the expected exposure, and safe sharps and injection practices used with every client, regardless of diagnosis.
Prekosyon kontak · Contact precautions
Blouz ak gan pou òganis ki gaye pa kontak, tankou MRSA, VRE, C. difficile ak gal.
Gown and gloves for organisms spread by touch, such as MRSA, VRE, C. difficile and scabies.
Prekosyon goutlèt · Droplet precautions
Yon mask chirijikal yo mete lè yo antre nan chanm yon pasyan ki gen grip, koklich, malmouton, ribeyòl oswa menenjit menengokoksik.
A surgical mask worn on entering the room of a client with influenza, pertussis, mumps, rubella or meningococcal meningitis.
Prekosyon pou transmisyon nan lè · Airborne precautions
Yon respiratè N95 ak yon chanm presyon negatif pou tibèkiloz, lawoujòl, varisèl ak zona gaye.
An N95 respirator and a negative-pressure room for tuberculosis, measles, varicella and disseminated zoster.
Chanm presyon negatif · Negative-pressure room
Yon chanm ki rale lè anndan epi voye l deyò pou òganis ki nan lè a pa ka chape ale nan koridò a.
A room that pulls air inward and vents it outside so airborne organisms cannot escape into the hallway.
Asepsi chirijikal · Surgical asepsis
Teknik ki kenbe yon zòn konplètman san mikwo-òganis, yo itilize l pou katetè, liy santral ak pwosedi envazif.
Technique that keeps an area completely free of microorganisms, used for catheters, central lines and invasive procedures.
Mwayen kontwòl · Restraint
Nenpòt metòd manyèl, aparèy fizik oswa medikaman ki limite mouvman oswa ki jere konpòtman epi ki pa tretman estanda pou pwoblèm pasyan an; yon dènye rekou, ak yon preskripsyon limite nan tan, ki pa PRN.
Any manual method, physical device or drug that restricts movement or manages behavior and is not standard treatment for the client's condition; a last resort, with a time-limited, non-PRN order.
📚 Aprann li: Restren: Dènye Rekou, Lòd ak Limit Tan, Ne ki Lage Rapid
Ne ki lage vit · Quick-release knot
Yon ne ki libere yon mwayen kontwòl ak yon sèl rale, yo mare l nan kad kabann lan epi yo pa janm mare l nan balistrad bò a.
A knot that frees a restraint with one pull, tied to the bed frame and never to the side rail.
📚 Aprann li: Restren: Dènye Rekou, Lòd ak Limit Tan, Ne ki Lage Rapid
Echèl Morse pou risk tonbe · Morse Fall Scale
Yon nòt risk tonbe ki baze sou antesedan tonbe, dyagnostik yo, èd pou mache, liy IV, demach ak eta mantal.
A fall-risk score built from fall history, diagnoses, mobility aids, IV lines, gait and mental status.
📚 Aprann li: Chit: Kabann Ba, Wou Bloke, Bouton Apèl a Pòte Men
Medikaman alèt wo · High-alert medication
Yon medikaman tankou insulin, heparin, opioids oswa elektwolit konsantre ki gen gwo risk pou fè gwo dega si yo bay li mal; li mande pwoteksyon, tankou doub verifikasyon endepandan dapre règleman etablisman an.
A drug like insulin, heparin, opioids or concentrated electrolytes with high risk of serious harm if given in error; needs safeguards, including independent double checks per facility policy.
RACE
Rescue, Alarm, Confine, Extinguish or Evacuate (sekou, alèm, fèmen, etenyen oswa evakye): lòd aksyon yo lè yo dekouvri yon dife.
Rescue, alarm, confine, extinguish or evacuate: the order of actions when a fire is discovered.
PASS
Pull, Aim, Squeeze, Sweep (rale, vize, peze, baleye): kijan pou itilize yon aparèy pou etenn dife.
Pull, aim, squeeze, sweep: how to use a fire extinguisher.
Famasi ak IV
Pik (insulin) · Peak (insulin)
Moman apre yon dòz lè efè yon medikaman pi fò; pou insulin, lè pasyan an gen plis chans fè ipoglisemi.
The time after a dose when a drug's effect is strongest; for insulin, the hour the client is most likely to go hypoglycemic.
📚 Aprann li: Pik Insulin: Kilè Pasyan an Pral Tonbe nan Ipoglisemi
Règ 15 la · Rule of 15
Pou ipoglisemi, bay 15 gram idrat kabòn rapid epi tcheke glikoz la ankò nan 15 minit.
For hypoglycemia, give 15 grams of fast carbohydrate and recheck the glucose in 15 minutes.
📚 Aprann li: Pik Insulin: Kilè Pasyan an Pral Tonbe nan Ipoglisemi
aPTT
Tès kayo ki siveye yon perfusion heparin, ki vize apeprè 1.5 jiska 2.5 fwa valè kontwòl la.
The clotting test that monitors a heparin infusion, aiming for about 1.5 to 2.5 times the control.
INR
Tès kayo ki siveye warfarin, ki abityèlman vize 2 jiska 3.
The clotting test that monitors warfarin, usually aiming for 2 to 3.
Antidòt · Antidote
Yon medikaman ki ranvèse efè yon lòt, tankou naloxone pou opioids oswa vitamin K pou warfarin.
A drug that reverses the effect of another, such as naloxone for opioids or vitamin K for warfarin.
Twonbositopeni heparin pwovoke (HIT) · Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)
Yon reyaksyon iminitè ak heparin ki fè kantite plakèt bese epi, paradoksalman, ki lakòz kayo; yo rete heparin nèt.
An immune reaction to heparin that drops the platelet count and paradoxically causes clots; heparin is stopped for good.
Nivo pi ba (trough) · Trough level
Nivo medikaman ki pi ba nan san an, yo pran l jis anvan pwochen dòz la, yo itilize l pou siveye aminoglycosides, ak vancomycin sof si famasi a itilize dòz gide pa AUC.
The lowest drug level in the blood, drawn just before the next dose, used to monitor aminoglycosides, and vancomycin unless pharmacy uses AUC-guided dosing.
Ekstravazasyon · Extravasation
Fwuit yon medikaman IV vezikan (ki domaje tisi), tankou kèk chimyoterapi, nan tisi ozalantou venn lan; yon fwuit ki pa vezikan se enfiltrasyon.
Leakage of a vesicant (tissue-damaging) IV drug, such as some chemotherapy, into the tissue around the vein; a non-vesicant leak is infiltration.
📚 Aprann li: Likid IV, Règ Potasyòm ak Premye 15 Minit yon Transfizyon
Reyaksyon transfizyon · Transfusion reaction
Lafyèv, frison, doulè nan do, itikè oswa ipotansyon pandan yon transfizyon san; rete san an epi kenbe liy lan louvri ak solisyon saline atravè yon nouvo tib.
Fever, chills, back pain, hives or hypotension during a blood transfusion; stop the blood and keep the line open with saline through new tubing.
📚 Aprann li: Likid IV, Règ Potasyòm ak Premye 15 Minit yon Transfizyon
Dòz vle sou dòz genyen · Desired over have
Fòmil kalkil dòz la: dòz ou vle a divize pa dòz ou genyen an, miltipliye pa kantite li vini ladan an.
The dose calculation formula: desired dose divided by the dose on hand, times the quantity it comes in.
📚 Aprann li: Dòz Ou Vle a Sou Dòz Ou Genyen an, Fwa Kantite a
Faktè gout · Drop factor
Kantite gout pa mililit yon seri IV gravitasyon bay, ki enprime sou anbalaj tib la.
The number of drops per milliliter a gravity IV set delivers, printed on the tubing package.
Fòmil Parkland · Parkland formula
Reanimasyon likid pou boule: 4 mL × kg × pousantaj sifas kò ki boule sou 24 èdtan, mwatye nan premye 8 èdtan yo depi blesi a.
Burn fluid resuscitation: 4 mL × kg × percent of body surface burned over 24 hours, half in the first 8 hours from the injury.
Medikaman prensipal yo
Inibitè ACE (-pril) · ACE inhibitors (-pril)
Bese tansyon epi pwoteje kè a ak ren yo nan ensifizans kadyak ak dyabèt; efè ki defini yo se yon tous sèk, potasyòm wo ak anjyoedèm (sispann medikaman an epi pwoteje vwa respiratwa a), epi yo pa janm bay yo nan gwosès.
Lower blood pressure and protect the heart and kidneys in heart failure and diabetes; the defining effects are a dry cough, high potassium and angioedema (stop the drug and protect the airway), and they are never given in pregnancy.
📚 Aprann li: Klas Medikaman dapre Sifiks ak Efè Segondè ki Defini Chak
Blokè reseptè anjyotansin (-sartan) · Angiotensin receptor blockers (-sartan)
Altènatif inibitè ACE a pou yon pasyan ki te devlope tous la; yo toujou ogmante potasyòm epi yo ka lakòz anjyoedèm, kidonk tcheke potasyòm ak kreyatinin, epi yo kontr-endike nan gwosès.
The ACE inhibitor alternative for a client who developed the cough; they still raise potassium and can cause angioedema, so check potassium and creatinine, and they are contraindicated in pregnancy.
📚 Aprann li: Klas Medikaman dapre Sifiks ak Efè Segondè ki Defini Chak
Beta blokè (-olol) · Beta blockers (-olol)
Ralanti kè a epi bese tansyon apre yon kriz kadyak ak nan ensifizans kadyak; kenbe yo pou yon batman kè anba 60 oswa yon tansyon sistolik anba 90 dapre òd, pa janm sispann yo bridsoukou, epi avèti pasyan ki gen dyabèt yo ke yo maske ipoglisemi.
Slow the heart and lower blood pressure after a heart attack and in heart failure; hold for a heart rate under 60 or systolic pressure under 90 per order, never stop them abruptly, and warn clients with diabetes that they mask hypoglycemia.
📚 Aprann li: Digoxin, Blokè Beta ak Nitro: Paramèt pou Sispann ak Limit ki Strik
Blokè kanal kalsyòm (-dipine, verapamil, diltiazem) · Calcium channel blockers (-dipine, verapamil, diltiazem)
Detann veso yo pou ipètansyon ak anjin, epi verapamil oswa diltiazem ralanti batman kè a tou; atann anfleman cheviy ak maltèt, kenbe yo pou tansyon ba oswa yon batman ralanti dapre òd, epi evite ji chadèk.
Relax vessels for hypertension and angina, and verapamil or diltiazem also slow the heart rate; expect ankle swelling and headache, hold for low pressure or a slow pulse per order, and avoid grapefruit juice.
📚 Aprann li: Digoxin, Blokè Beta ak Nitro: Paramèt pou Sispann ak Limit ki Strik
Diiretik loop ak thiazide · Loop and thiazide diuretics
Furosemide ak hydrochlorothiazide toude gaspiye potasyòm, kidonk tcheke nivo a, peze pasyan an chak jou epi bay dòz la nan maten; pouse furosemide IV dousman pou pwoteje tande a, epi atann thiazide yo ogmante glikoz, asid irik ak kalsyòm.
Furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide both waste potassium, so check the level, weigh the client daily and give the dose in the morning; push IV furosemide slowly to protect hearing, and expect thiazides to raise glucose, uric acid and calcium.
📚 Aprann li: Klas Medikaman dapre Sifiks ak Efè Segondè ki Defini Chak
Diiretik ki epay potasyòm · Potassium-sparing diuretics
Spironolactone ak fanmi li yo kenbe potasyòm, kidonk danje a se ipèkalemi; anseye pasyan an sote sipleman potasyòm ak ranplasman sèl, veye nivo a ak inibitè ACE oswa ARB, epi atann sansiblite tete ak spironolactone.
Spironolactone and its relatives hold on to potassium, so the danger is hyperkalemia; teach the client to skip potassium supplements and salt substitutes, watch the level with ACE inhibitors or ARBs, and expect breast tenderness with spironolactone.
📚 Aprann li: Klas Medikaman dapre Sifiks ak Efè Segondè ki Defini Chak
Digoxin
Ranfòse epi ralanti kè a nan ensifizans ak fibrilasyon atriyal; konte yon batman apikal pandan yon minit konplè epi kenbe li anba 60, veye kè plen, vomisman ak alo jòn-vèt, sonje potasyòm ba ogmante toksisite, epi antidot la se digoxin immune fab.
Strengthens and slows the heart in failure and atrial fibrillation; count an apical pulse for a full minute and hold under 60, watch for nausea, vomiting and yellow-green halos, remember low potassium raises toxicity, and the antidote is digoxin immune fab.
📚 Aprann li: Digoxin, Blokè Beta ak Nitro: Paramèt pou Sispann ak Limit ki Strik
Nitroglycerin ak nitrat · Nitroglycerin and nitrates
Dilate veso yo pou soulaje anjin: yon grenn sublingual chak 5 minit jiska twa, rele sèvis ijans si premye a pa ede; atann yon maltèt, sere grenn yo nan boutèy fonse a, epi pa janm bay nan 24 a 48 èdtan apre sildenafil oswa tadalafil.
Dilate vessels to relieve angina: one sublingual tablet every 5 minutes up to three, calling emergency services if the first does not help; expect a headache, store tablets in the dark bottle, and never give within 24 to 48 hours of sildenafil or tadalafil.
📚 Aprann li: Digoxin, Blokè Beta ak Nitro: Paramèt pou Sispann ak Limit ki Strik
Statin (-statin) · Statins (-statin)
Bese kolestewòl pou anpeche kriz kadyak ak konjesyon serebral; anseye pasyan an rapòte doulè misk ki pa eksplike oswa pipi fonse (rhabdomyolysis), tcheke anzim fwa, pran simvastatin nan aswè, evite ji chadèk, epi sispann yo nan gwosès.
Lower cholesterol to prevent heart attack and stroke; teach the client to report unexplained muscle pain or dark urine (rhabdomyolysis), check liver enzymes, take simvastatin in the evening, avoid grapefruit juice, and stop them in pregnancy.
📚 Aprann li: Klas Medikaman dapre Sifiks ak Efè Segondè ki Defini Chak
Amiodarone
Kontwole ritm vantrikilè ak atriyal danjere men li domaje poumon, tiwoyid, fwa ak je; rapòte nouvo tous oswa dispne touswit, tcheke laboratwa tiwoyid ak fwa, atann bradikadi ak ipotansyon pandan chaj IV la, epi anseye pwoteksyon kont solèy pou po ble-gri a ak fotosansiblite a.
Controls dangerous ventricular and atrial rhythms but damages the lungs, thyroid, liver and eyes; report new cough or dyspnea at once, check thyroid and liver labs, expect bradycardia and hypotension during IV loading, and teach sun protection for the blue-gray skin and photosensitivity.
📚 Aprann li: Digoxin, Blokè Beta ak Nitro: Paramèt pou Sispann ak Limit ki Strik
Adenosine
Reyinisyalize takikadi supraventrikilè lè li kanpe kè a yon ti moman; pouse li vit sou 1 a 2 segonn ak yon flush saline imedya nan yon gwo venn pwoksimal, kenbe pasyan an sou yon monitè, epi avèti ke kèk segonn presyon nan pwatrin, woujè ak asistòl atann.
Resets supraventricular tachycardia by briefly stopping the heart; push it fast over 1 to 2 seconds with an immediate saline flush into a large proximal vein, keep the client on a monitor, and warn that seconds of chest pressure, flushing and asystole are expected.
📚 Aprann li: Digoxin, Blokè Beta ak Nitro: Paramèt pou Sispann ak Limit ki Strik
Atropine
Antikolinerjik ki akselere yon kè ralanti sentomatik (1 mg IV, repete chak 3 a 5 minit jiska 3 mg) epi antidot pou kriz kolinerjik ak anpwazònman organophosphate; atann bouch sèk, vizyon twoub, retansyon pipi ak woujè.
The anticholinergic that speeds a symptomatic slow heart (1 mg IV, repeated every 3 to 5 minutes to 3 mg) and the antidote for cholinergic crisis and organophosphate poisoning; expect dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention and flushing.
Epinephrine
Premye medikaman pou anafilaksi, 0.3 a 0.5 mg IM (1 mg/mL) nan deyò kwis la, epi 1 mg IV chak 3 a 5 minit nan arè kadyak; atann takikadi ak ipètansyon, epi tcheke konsantrasyon an de fwa paske de fòs yo diferan dis fwa.
The first drug for anaphylaxis, 0.3 to 0.5 mg IM (1 mg/mL) into the outer thigh, and 1 mg IV every 3 to 5 minutes in cardiac arrest; expect tachycardia and hypertension, and check the concentration twice because the two strengths differ tenfold.
Vazopresè (norepinephrine, dopamine) · Vasopressors (norepinephrine, dopamine)
Konstrikte veso yo pou ogmante tansyon nan chòk pandan oswa apre likid (norepinephrine an premye nan chòk septik), titre pa ponp pou yon tansyon atèryèl mwayèn 65 oswa plis; yon liy santral prefere, men yo ka kòmanse pou yon ti tan nan yon gwo IV periférik pwoksimal.
Constrict vessels to raise blood pressure in shock during or after fluids (norepinephrine first in septic shock), titrated by pump to a mean arterial pressure of 65 or more; a central line is preferred, but they can start short term in a large proximal peripheral IV.
Nitroprusside
Yon vazodilatatè IV rapid pou ijans ipètansif, titre ak siveyans tansyon kontinyèl (idealman yon liy atèryèl); vlope sak la pou pwoteje li kont limyè, epi veye toksisite cyanide oswa thiocyanate (konfizyon, asidoz metabolik) ak dòz wo, enfizyon long oswa ensifizans ren.
A fast IV vasodilator for hypertensive emergency, titrated with continuous blood pressure monitoring (ideally an arterial line); wrap the bag to protect it from light, and watch for cyanide or thiocyanate toxicity (confusion, metabolic acidosis) with high doses, long infusions or kidney failure.
📚 Aprann li: Digoxin, Blokè Beta ak Nitro: Paramèt pou Sispann ak Limit ki Strik
Hydralazine
Yon vazodilatatè dirèk pou ipètansyon grav, enkli preyeklanpsi ansanm ak labetalol; atann takikadi refleks, maltèt ak gout ortostatik, tcheke tansyon anvan ak apre chak dòz IV, epi rapòte doulè jwenti oswa gratèl, ki ka siyal yon reyaksyon tankou lupus ak itilizasyon alontèm.
A direct vasodilator for severe hypertension, including preeclampsia alongside labetalol; expect reflex tachycardia, headache and orthostatic drops, check blood pressure before and after each IV dose, and report joint pain or rash, which can signal a lupus-like reaction with long-term use.
📚 Aprann li: Preyeklanpsi, Magnesium ak Reflèks Ou Tcheke yo
Clonidine
Yon agonis alfa-2 santral pou ipètansyon (tou ADHD ak sevraj opioid) ki lakòz bouch sèk ak somnolans; danje ki defini li a se ipètansyon rebond lè yo sispann li bridsoukou, kidonk diminye li gradyèlman, pa janm sote dòz, epi chanje patch chak semèn lan dapre orè a.
A central alpha-2 agonist for hypertension (also ADHD and opioid withdrawal) that causes dry mouth and drowsiness; the defining danger is rebound hypertension when it is stopped suddenly, so taper it, never skip doses, and change the weekly patch on schedule.
📚 Aprann li: Digoxin, Blokè Beta ak Nitro: Paramèt pou Sispann ak Limit ki Strik
Sacubitril-valsartan
Yon konbinezon pou ensifizans kadyak ki diminye lanmò ak sejou lopital; pa janm bay li nan 36 èdtan apre yon inibitè ACE oswa bay moun ki te gen anjyoedèm sou yon inibitè ACE oswa yon ARB, veye tansyon, potasyòm ak kreyatinin, epi sispann li nan gwosès.
A heart failure combination that cuts deaths and hospital stays; never give it within 36 hours of an ACE inhibitor or to anyone who had angioedema on an ACE inhibitor or ARB, watch blood pressure, potassium and creatinine, and stop it in pregnancy.
Antiplakèt (aspirin, clopidogrel) · Antiplatelets (aspirin, clopidogrel)
Anpeche plakèt yo fè boul apre kriz kadyak, konjesyon serebral oswa yon stent; toude lakòz senyen epi anjeneral yo sispann yo 5 a 7 jou anvan operasyon dapre òd, aspirin pa janm bay timoun ki gen maladi viral (sendwòm Reye), epi omeprazole febli clopidogrel.
Keep platelets from clumping after heart attack, stroke or a stent; both cause bleeding and are usually stopped 5 to 7 days before surgery per order, aspirin is never given to children with viral illness (Reye's syndrome), and omeprazole weakens clopidogrel.
Heparin
Anpeche epi trete boul nan kèk minit, bay IV pa ponp oswa anba po; siveye aPTT la (objektif 1.5 a 2.5 fwa kontwòl la) ak plakèt yo, veye senyen ak tronbositopeni heparin la pwovoke, epi kenbe protamine sulfate disponib kòm antidot.
Prevents and treats clots within minutes, given IV by pump or subcutaneously; monitor the aPTT (goal 1.5 to 2.5 times control) and platelets, watch for bleeding and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, and keep protamine sulfate available as the antidote.
Enoxaparin (eparin ki gen pwa molekilè ba) · Enoxaparin (low-molecular-weight heparin)
Yon eparin ki gen pwa molekilè ba yo enjekte nan grès vant la san yo pa mete bul lè a deyò, san aspire oswa fwote sit la; li pa bezwen siveyans aPTT regilye, dòz la redwi nan maladi ren, epi li pote yon avètisman nan bwat pou ematom epinyè ak katetè epidural.
A low-molecular-weight heparin injected into the abdominal fat without expelling the air bubble, aspirating or rubbing the site; it needs no routine aPTT monitoring, is dose-reduced in kidney disease, and carries a boxed warning for spinal hematoma with epidural catheters.
Warfarin
Antikoagulan oral, kòmansman 3 a 5 jou, siveye pa INR (objektif abityèl 2 a 3); anseye konsomasyon vitamin K ki estab, pa aspirin oswa NSAID, prekosyon pou senyen; evite nan gwosès (eksepte kèk pasyan ki gen valv mekanik); ranvèsman: vitamin K, plis PCC 4-factor pou gwo senyen.
Oral anticoagulant, 3 to 5 day onset, monitored by INR (usual goal 2 to 3); teach steady vitamin K intake, no aspirin or NSAIDs, bleeding precautions; avoid in pregnancy (except some mechanical valve clients); reversal: vitamin K, plus 4-factor PCC for major bleeding.
Antikoagulan oral dirèk (DOAC) · Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs)
Apixaban, rivaroxaban, dabigatran ak edoxaban anpeche konjesyon serebral epi trete boul san siveyans laboratwa regilye; dòz rate ogmante risk boul sevèman (avètisman nan bwat), senyen se danje prensipal la, fonksyon ren gide dòz la, epi idarucizumab ranvèse dabigatran.
Apixaban, rivaroxaban, dabigatran and edoxaban prevent stroke and treat clots without routine lab monitoring; missed doses sharply raise clot risk (boxed warning), bleeding is the main danger, kidney function guides the dose, and idarucizumab reverses dabigatran.
Thrombolytics (alteplase, tenecteplase)
Disoud boul la nan konjesyon serebral ischemik (nan 4.5 èdtan apre dènye moman yo te konnen li byen), kriz kadyak ak anboli pilmonè masiv; elimine senyen ak operasyon resan anvan, kontwole tansyon, evite enjeksyon IM ak piksyon ki pa nesesè, epi sispann enfizyon an pou nenpòt senyen oswa chanjman newolojik.
Dissolve the clot in ischemic stroke (within 4.5 hours of last known well), heart attack and massive pulmonary embolism; rule out bleeding and recent surgery first, control blood pressure, avoid IM injections and needless punctures, and stop the infusion for any bleeding or neurologic change.
📚 Aprann li: Fenèt Konjesyon Serebral ak Presyon Entrakranyen k ap Monte
Protamine ak vitamin K · Protamine and vitamin K
Pè ranvèsman antikoagulan: protamine netralize heparin nan kèk minit men pouse vit lakòz ipotansyon ak anafilaksi; vitamin K ranvèse warfarin sou plizyè èdtan, oralman oswa pa IV dousman ak PCC 4-factor pou senyen grav; absòpsyon anba po a pa regilye, epi dòz IV/IM pote yon avètisman nan bwat.
Anticoagulant reversal pair: protamine neutralizes heparin within minutes but fast push causes hypotension and anaphylaxis; vitamin K reverses warfarin over hours, orally or by slow IV with 4-factor PCC for serious bleeding; subcutaneous absorption is erratic, and IV/IM doses carry a boxed warning.
Albuterol ak ipratropium · Albuterol and ipratropium
Bronkodilatatè sekou yo: albuterol louvri vwa respiratwa yo nan kèk minit men li lakòz takikadi, tranbleman ak nè (rapòte yon kè k ap bat vit), epi ipratropium ajoute sechrès antikolinerjik ak yon bouch sèk; pran bronkodilatatè a an premye, anvan nenpòt esteroyid yo respire.
The rescue bronchodilators: albuterol opens airways within minutes but causes tachycardia, tremor and nervousness (report a racing heart), and ipratropium adds anticholinergic drying with a dry mouth; take the bronchodilator first, before any inhaled steroid.
Kortikosteroyid yo respire ak montelukast · Inhaled corticosteroids and montelukast
Kontwolè chak jou ki pa soulaje yon atak egi pou kont yo (budesonide-formoterol travay kòm soulajman sèlman atravè formoterol rapid li a): esteroyid yo respire lakòz muguet ak vwa anwe sof si bouch la rense, epi montelukast gen yon avètisman nan bwat pou ajitasyon, depresyon ak panse swisid.
Daily controllers that do not relieve an acute attack on their own (budesonide-formoterol works as a reliever only through its fast formoterol): inhaled steroids cause thrush and hoarseness unless the mouth is rinsed, and montelukast has a boxed warning for agitation, depression and suicidal thoughts.
Theophylline
Yon bronkodilatatè ki pi ansyen ak yon entèval terapetik etwat (ozanviwon 10 a 20 mcg/mL); toksisite montre kòm kè plen, takikadi, ajitasyon ak kriz, kidonk tcheke nivo yo, limite kafeyin, epi konnen fimen bese nivo a pandan ciprofloxacin ak ensifizans kadyak ogmante li.
An older bronchodilator with a narrow therapeutic range (about 10 to 20 mcg/mL); toxicity shows as nausea, tachycardia, restlessness and seizures, so check levels, limit caffeine, and know that smoking lowers the level while ciprofloxacin and heart failure raise it.
Ensilin selon kòmansman ak pik · Insulins by onset and peak
Rapid-acting (lispro, aspart) rive nan pik 30 minit a 3 èdtan apre enjeksyon, regular nan 2 a 4 èdtan, NPH nan 4 a 12, epi glargine oswa degludec pa gen pik; ipoglisemi pi posib nan pik la, kidonk yon repa dwe pare.
Rapid-acting (lispro, aspart) peaks 30 minutes to 3 hours after injection, regular in 2 to 4 hours, NPH in 4 to 12, and glargine or degludec has no peak; hypoglycemia is most likely at the peak, so a meal must be ready.
📚 Aprann li: Pik Insulin: Kilè Pasyan an Pral Tonbe nan Ipoglisemi
Ensilin regular · Regular insulin
Ensilin IV estanda a, kidonk li fè enfizyon DKA a mache ak tchek glikoz ak potasyòm chak èdtan (potasyòm bese pandan ensilin pouse li nan selil yo); lè yo melanje li ak NPH, regular klè a trase anvan NPH twoub la.
The standard IV insulin, so it runs the DKA infusion with hourly glucose and potassium checks (potassium falls as insulin pushes it into cells); when mixed with NPH, the clear regular is drawn up before the cloudy NPH.
📚 Aprann li: DKA Kont HHS: Setòn, Likid ak Pyèj Potasyòm nan
Glucagon
Òmòn sekou pou ipoglisemi grav lè pasyan an pa ka vale san danje: 1 mg IM oswa anba po (3 mg nan nen), apre vire pasyan an sou kote paske vomisman komen epi bay idrat kabòn yon fwa li reveye; li trete tou surdozaj beta blokè.
The rescue hormone for severe hypoglycemia when the client cannot swallow safely: 1 mg IM or subcutaneously (3 mg intranasally), then turn the client on the side because vomiting is common and feed carbohydrate once awake; it also treats beta blocker overdose.
📚 Aprann li: Pik Insulin: Kilè Pasyan an Pral Tonbe nan Ipoglisemi
Metformin
Medikaman premye liy pou dyabèt type 2 ki pa lakòz ipoglisemi pou kont li; avètisman nan bwat la se asidoz laktik, kidonk yo kenbe li pou ensifizans ren, maladi grav ak kontrast yode dapre òd (rekòmanse ozanviwon 48 èdtan apre si fonksyon ren an estab).
First-line type 2 diabetes drug that does not cause hypoglycemia on its own; the boxed warning is lactic acidosis, so it is held for kidney failure, serious illness and iodinated contrast per order (restart about 48 hours later if kidney function is stable).
📚 Aprann li: Klas Medikaman dapre Sifiks ak Efè Segondè ki Defini Chak
Medikaman sulfonylureas (glipizide, glyburide, glimepiride) · Sulfonylureas (glipizide, glyburide, glimepiride)
Peze ensilin soti nan pankreya a, kidonk ipoglisemi se risk ki defini a, pi mal kay granmoun aje, ak repa rate, alkòl oswa maladi ren; pran yo anvan dejene, anseye siy yo ak règ 15 la, epi atann kèk pran pwa.
Squeeze insulin out of the pancreas, so hypoglycemia is the defining risk, worst in older adults, with skipped meals, alcohol or kidney disease; take them before breakfast, teach the signs and the rule of 15, and expect some weight gain.
📚 Aprann li: Klas Medikaman dapre Sifiks ak Efè Segondè ki Defini Chak
Inibitè SGLT2 (-gliflozin) · SGLT2 inhibitors (-gliflozin)
Fè ren yo jete glikoz nan pipi a, sa ki ede tou ensifizans kadyak ak maladi ren; atann enfeksyon ledven jenital, enfeksyon pipi ak dezidratasyon, veye asidosetoz menm ak glikoz nòmal, epi kenbe yo omwen 3 jou anvan operasyon dapre òd.
Make the kidneys dump glucose into the urine, which also helps heart failure and kidney disease; expect genital yeast infections, urinary infections and dehydration, watch for ketoacidosis even with normal glucose, and hold them at least 3 days before surgery per order.
📚 Aprann li: Klas Medikaman dapre Sifiks ak Efè Segondè ki Defini Chak
Agonis reseptè GLP-1 (-glutide, -tide) · GLP-1 receptor agonists (-glutide, -tide)
Enjeksyon chak semèn oswa chak jou (semaglutide, liraglutide, tirzepatide) ki bese glikoz ak pwa lè yo diminye apeti epi ralanti lestomak la; kè plen atann, gwo doulè vant sijere pankreatit, gen yon avètisman nan bwat pou timè selil C tiwoyid, epi anestezi dwe konnen paske lestomak plen an riske aspirasyon.
Weekly or daily injections (semaglutide, liraglutide, tirzepatide) that lower glucose and weight by curbing appetite and slowing the stomach; nausea is expected, severe abdominal pain suggests pancreatitis, there is a boxed warning for thyroid C-cell tumors, and anesthesia must know because the full stomach risks aspiration.
📚 Aprann li: Klas Medikaman dapre Sifiks ak Efè Segondè ki Defini Chak
Levothyroxine
Ranplasman ipotiwoyidis pou tout lavi, pran sou lestomak vid 30 a 60 minit anvan dejene epi a 4 èdtan distans ak kalsyòm, fè oswa antiasid; twòp imite ipètiwoyidis (kè k ap bat vit, ensomni, pèdi pwa), TSH gide dòz la, epi pa janm itilize pou pèdi pwa.
Lifelong hypothyroidism replacement, taken on an empty stomach 30 to 60 minutes before breakfast and 4 hours apart from calcium, iron or antacids; excess mimics hyperthyroidism (racing heart, insomnia, weight loss), TSH guides dosing, and never use for weight loss.
Methimazole ak propylthiouracil (PTU) · Methimazole and propylthiouracil (PTU)
Medikaman antitiwoyid pou ipètiwoyidis ki pran semèn pou travay; toude ka elimine globil blan, kidonk yon malgòj oswa lafyèv rapòte imedyatman, PTU pote yon avètisman nan bwat pou ensifizans fwa men li prefere nan premye trimès la, epi methimazole sinon.
Antithyroid drugs for hyperthyroidism that take weeks to work; both can wipe out white cells, so a sore throat or fever is reported immediately, PTU carries a boxed warning for liver failure but is preferred in the first trimester, and methimazole otherwise.
Kortikosteroyid (prednisone, hydrocortisone, dexamethasone) · Corticosteroids (prednisone, hydrocortisone, dexamethasone)
Siprime enflamasyon epi ranplase òmòn adrenal; atann glikoz wo, enfeksyon maske, retansyon likid, pèt zo ak senyen GI, bay yo ak manje nan maten, pa janm sispann bridsoukou, epi bay hydrocortisone IV touswit pou kriz adrenal oswa lè yon pasyan ki depann de esteroyid strese.
Suppress inflammation and replace adrenal hormone; expect high glucose, masked infection, fluid retention, bone loss and GI bleeding, give them with food in the morning, never stop abruptly, and give IV hydrocortisone at once for adrenal crisis or when a steroid-dependent client is stressed.
Inibitè ponp pwoton (-prazole) ak blokè H2 · Proton pump inhibitors (-prazole) and H2 blockers
Koupe asid lestomak pou reflux ak ilsè; PPI yo pran 30 a 60 minit anvan dejene epi ak itilizasyon lontan ogmante risk frakti, Clostridioides difficile ak magnesium oswa B12 ba, pandan famotidine se blokè H2 ki pi lejè a ki ka konfonn granmoun aje.
Cut stomach acid for reflux and ulcers; PPIs are taken 30 to 60 minutes before breakfast and with long use raise the risk of fractures, Clostridioides difficile and low magnesium or B12, while famotidine is the milder H2 blocker that can confuse older adults.
📚 Aprann li: Klas Medikaman dapre Sifiks ak Efè Segondè ki Defini Chak
Antiemetik (ondansetron, metoclopramide) · Antiemetics (ondansetron, metoclopramide)
Ondansetron bloke serotonin pou anpeche kè plen chimyoterapi ak chiriji epi li ka pwolonje entèval QT la; metoclopramide vide lestomak la men li pote yon avètisman nan bwat pou diskinezi tardif irevèsib, kidonk li limite a 12 semèn epi yo sispann li pou mouvman anòmal.
Ondansetron blocks serotonin to prevent chemotherapy and surgical nausea and can prolong the QT interval; metoclopramide empties the stomach but carries a boxed warning for irreversible tardive dyskinesia, so it is limited to 12 weeks and stopped for abnormal movements.
Lactulose
Yon laksatif sik ki pyèje amonyak nan trip la pou ansefalopati epatik epi trete konstipasyon; titre jiska de oswa twa poupou mou pa jou, veye dezidratasyon ak potasyòm ba akòz dyare, epi jije siksè pa yon lespri ki pi klè ak amonyak k ap bese.
A sugar laxative that traps ammonia in the gut for hepatic encephalopathy and treats constipation; titrate to two or three soft stools a day, watch for dehydration and low potassium from diarrhea, and judge success by a clearer mind and falling ammonia.
Sucralfate
Fòme yon pat ki kouvri yon ilsè pou li ka geri; bay li sou lestomak vid 1 èdtan anvan repa ak lè dòmi, separe li ak lòt medikaman pa ozanviwon 2 èdtan paske li mare yo, epi atann konstipasyon.
Forms a paste that coats an ulcer so it can heal; give it on an empty stomach 1 hour before meals and at bedtime, separate it from other medicines by about 2 hours because it binds them, and expect constipation.
📚 Aprann li: Klas Medikaman dapre Sifiks ak Efè Segondè ki Defini Chak
Penicillin ak cephalosporin · Penicillins and cephalosporins
Fanmi antibyotik ki pi komen yo ak kòz ki pi komen alèji medikaman, ak kèk reyaktivite kwaze ant yo; mande ki reyaksyon pase a te ye, pa sèlman si gen youn, fè kilti anvan premye dòz la, epi rapòte dyare grav kòm Clostridioides difficile posib.
The most common antibiotic families and the most common cause of drug allergy, with some cross-reactivity between them; ask what the past reaction was, not just whether there is one, culture before the first dose, and report severe diarrhea as possible Clostridioides difficile.
📚 Aprann li: Klas Medikaman dapre Sifiks ak Efè Segondè ki Defini Chak
Vancomycin
Medikaman IV pou MRSA ak medikaman oral pou Clostridioides difficile; enfize chak dòz sou omwen 60 minit pou anpeche reyaksyon enfizyon vancomycin (woujè, gratèl ak ipotansyon), epi pwoteje ren yo ak zòrèy yo lè ou swiv nivo trough oswa AUC ak kreyatinin.
The IV drug for MRSA and the oral drug for Clostridioides difficile; infuse each dose over at least 60 minutes to prevent vancomycin infusion reaction (flushing, itching and hypotension), and protect the kidneys and ears by following trough or AUC levels and creatinine.
📚 Aprann li: Klas Medikaman dapre Sifiks ak Efè Segondè ki Defini Chak
Antibyotik aminoglycosides (gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin) · Aminoglycosides (gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin)
Antibyotik IV pwisan pou enfeksyon gram-negatif grav ki gen avètisman nan bwat yo se domaj ren, pèt tande ak feblès newomiskilè; trase nivo pik ak trough alè, swiv kreyatinin ak pwodiksyon pipi, epi rapòte bri nan zòrèy oswa vètij imedyatman.
Potent IV antibiotics for serious gram-negative infections whose boxed warnings are kidney damage, hearing loss and neuromuscular weakness; draw peak and trough levels on time, follow creatinine and urine output, and report ringing in the ears or dizziness immediately.
📚 Aprann li: Klas Medikaman dapre Sifiks ak Efè Segondè ki Defini Chak
Fluoroquinolones (-floxacin)
Antibyotik laj ak avètisman nan bwat pou kraze tandon (pi mal ak esteroyid, granmoun aje), domaj nè pèmanan, konfizyon ak agravasyon myasthenia gravis; sispann pou doulè tandon, bay dòz 2 èdtan anvan oswa 6 èdtan apre antiasid, pwodwi letye, kalsyòm, fè oswa zenk, epi siveye glikoz nan dyabèt.
Broad antibiotics with boxed warnings for tendon rupture (worst with steroids, older adults), permanent nerve damage, confusion and worsened myasthenia gravis; stop for tendon pain, dose 2 hours before or 6 hours after antacids, dairy, calcium, iron or zinc, and monitor glucose in diabetes.
📚 Aprann li: Klas Medikaman dapre Sifiks ak Efè Segondè ki Defini Chak
Tetracyclines (doxycycline, minocycline)
Antibyotik pou akne, maladi Lyme ak nemoni atipik ki tache dan k ap devlope, kidonk yo evite yo nan gwosès ak kay timoun anba 8 (eksepte kou doxycycline kout); pran ak yon vè dlo plen pandan ou kanpe dwat, lwen pwodwi letye, antiasid ak fè, epi itilize pwoteksyon kont solèy.
Antibiotics for acne, Lyme disease and atypical pneumonia that stain developing teeth, so they are avoided in pregnancy and in children under 8 (short doxycycline courses excepted); take with a full glass of water while upright, away from dairy, antacids and iron, and use sun protection.
📚 Aprann li: Klas Medikaman dapre Sifiks ak Efè Segondè ki Defini Chak
Antibyotik macrolides (azithromycin, erythromycin, clarithromycin) · Macrolides (azithromycin, erythromycin, clarithromycin)
Antibyotik pou enfeksyon respiratwa ak enfeksyon seksyèlman transmisib epi chwa abityèl nan alèji penicillin; yo deranje lestomak la, pwolonje entèval QT la (tcheke lòt medikaman QT), epi erythromycin ak clarithromycin ogmante nivo warfarin, statin ak lòt medikaman fwa a elimine.
Antibiotics for respiratory and sexually transmitted infections and the usual choice in penicillin allergy; they upset the stomach, prolong the QT interval (check for other QT drugs), and erythromycin and clarithromycin raise levels of warfarin, statins and other drugs cleared by the liver.
📚 Aprann li: Klas Medikaman dapre Sifiks ak Efè Segondè ki Defini Chak
Metronidazole
Trete enfeksyon anaerobik, trichomoniasis ak vajinoz bakteryèn, ak Clostridioides difficile lejè sèlman lè vancomycin oral oswa fidaxomicin pa disponib; pa alkòl pandan tretman oswa 3 jou apre (woujè, vomisman, maltèt), atann gou metalik ak pipi fonse, epi rapòte angoudisman oswa pikotman nan men oswa pye.
Treats anaerobic infections, trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis, and mild Clostridioides difficile only when oral vancomycin or fidaxomicin is unavailable; no alcohol during treatment or 3 days after (flushing, vomiting, headache), expect metallic taste and dark urine, and report hand or foot numbness or tingling.
📚 Aprann li: Klas Medikaman dapre Sifiks ak Efè Segondè ki Defini Chak
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)
Antibyotik sulfa pou enfeksyon pipi ak nemoni Pneumocystis; sispann pou nenpòt gratèl paske li ka vin sendwòm Stevens-Johnson, pouse likid pou kenbe kristal yo deyò ren yo, veye potasyòm ak konte san, itilize pwoteksyon kont solèy, epi atann li ogmante INR sou warfarin.
The sulfa antibiotic for urinary infections and Pneumocystis pneumonia; stop for any rash because it can become Stevens-Johnson syndrome, push fluids to keep crystals out of the kidneys, watch potassium and blood counts, use sun protection, and expect it to raise the INR on warfarin.
📚 Aprann li: Klas Medikaman dapre Sifiks ak Efè Segondè ki Defini Chak
Medikaman tibèkiloz (isoniazid, rifampin) · Tuberculosis drugs (isoniazid, rifampin)
Mwa terapi konbine kote isoniazid domaje fwa a ak nè yo (bay pyridoxine, evite alkòl, rapòte pipi fonse oswa angoudisman) epi rifampin fè pipi, swe ak dlo nan je vin zoranj epi fè kontraseptif oral yo echwe; yon pasyan pa enfektye ankò apre twa echantiyon krache negatif.
Months of combined therapy in which isoniazid damages the liver and nerves (give pyridoxine, avoid alcohol, report dark urine or numbness) and rifampin turns urine, sweat and tears orange and makes oral contraceptives fail; a client is no longer infectious after three negative sputum smears.
📚 Aprann li: Klas Medikaman dapre Sifiks ak Efè Segondè ki Defini Chak
Acyclovir ak valacyclovir · Acyclovir and valacyclovir
Antiviral diminye epidemi men yo pa geri anyen; kòmanse nan premye pikotman oswa nan 24 èdtan apre blesi pou herpes simplex ki repete ak nan 72 èdtan apre gratèl pou zona; enfize dòz IV sou omwen yon èdtan ak anpil likid kont kristal ren; tcheke kreyatinin.
Antivirals shorten outbreaks but cure nothing; start at first tingling or within 24 hours of sores for recurrent herpes simplex and within 72 hours of rash for shingles; infuse IV doses over at least an hour with ample fluids against kidney crystals; check creatinine.
📚 Aprann li: Klas Medikaman dapre Sifiks ak Efè Segondè ki Defini Chak
Opioid (morphine, hydromorphone, fentanyl, oxycodone) · Opioids (morphine, hydromorphone, fentanyl, oxycodone)
Soulaje doulè grav men yo deprime respirasyon ak konsyans; evalye sedasyon ak vitès respiratwa anvan chak dòz epi kenbe pou yon vitès anba 12 oswa yon pasyan ki difisil pou reveye, trete konstipasyon ki pa janm disparèt la, epi kenbe naloxone disponib.
Relieve severe pain but depress breathing and consciousness; assess sedation and respiratory rate before each dose and hold for a rate under 12 or a client who is hard to rouse, treat the constipation that never goes away, and keep naloxone available.
Naloxone
Antidot opioid la, bay IV, IM oswa nan nen epi repete chak 2 a 3 minit jiskaske pasyan an respire; li fini anvan pifò opioid, kidonk kontinye siveye pou sedasyon ki retounen, epi atann doulè sibit ak sentòm sevraj.
The opioid antidote, given IV, IM or intranasally and repeated every 2 to 3 minutes until the client breathes; it wears off before most opioids do, so keep monitoring for returning sedation, and expect sudden pain and withdrawal symptoms.
Acetaminophen
Soulajman doulè ak lafyèv ki detwi fwa a nan surdozaj pandan li sanble san danje pou premye jou a; kenbe total la anba 4 gram pa jou (mwens ak maladi fwa oswa alkòl regilye), konte pwodwi konbine yo, epi bay acetylcysteine, pi bon nan 8 èdtan.
The pain and fever reliever that destroys the liver in overdose while looking harmless for the first day; keep the total under 4 grams daily (less with liver disease or regular alcohol), count combination products, and give acetylcysteine, best within 8 hours.
NSAID (ibuprofen, naproxen, ketorolac) · NSAIDs (ibuprofen, naproxen, ketorolac)
Soulaje doulè ak enflamasyon ak pri senyen lestomak, blesi ren ak risk kriz kadyak oswa konjesyon serebral; pran yo ak manje, evite yo ak antikoagulan, nan maladi ren ak apati 20 semèn gwosès, epi limite ketorolac a 5 jou total pa nenpòt wout.
Relieve pain and inflammation at the cost of stomach bleeding, kidney injury and heart attack or stroke risk; take them with food, avoid them with anticoagulants, in kidney disease and from 20 weeks of pregnancy onward, and limit ketorolac to 5 days total by any route.
Phenytoin
Yon medikaman kriz ak yon entèval etwat (10 a 20 mcg/mL) ki gen toksisite ki montre kòm nistagmis, ataksi ak pawòl anboulaye; pouse dòz IV dousman nan saline sèlman ak siveyans kadyak, atann depase jansiv ak itilizasyon lontan, epi kenbe alimantasyon pa tib otou dòz oral yo.
A seizure drug with a narrow range (10 to 20 mcg/mL) whose toxicity shows as nystagmus, ataxia and slurred speech; push IV doses slowly in saline only with cardiac monitoring, expect gum overgrowth with long use, and hold tube feedings around oral doses.
Levetiracetam
Yon medikaman kriz yo itilize anpil ak kèk entèaksyon epi pa nivo san regilye; efè segondè ki defini yo se somnolans ak chanjman konpòtman (iritabilite, agresyon, depresyon), dòz la bese nan maladi ren, epi yo pa dwe janm sispann li bridsoukou.
A widely used seizure drug with few interactions and no routine blood levels; the defining side effects are drowsiness and behavior changes (irritability, aggression, depression), the dose drops in kidney disease, and it must never be stopped suddenly.
📚 Aprann li: Fenèt Konjesyon Serebral ak Presyon Entrakranyen k ap Monte
Carbamazepine
Yon medikaman kriz, nevralji trigeminal ak bipolè (entèval 4 a 12 mcg/mL) ak avètisman nan bwat pou anemi aplastik ak sendwòm Stevens-Johnson (pi mal kay moun ki gen orijin Azyatik ak jèn HLA-B*1502 la); rapòte lafyèv, malgòj, ematom oswa gratèl, veye sodyòm, epi evite chadèk.
A seizure, trigeminal neuralgia and bipolar drug (range 4 to 12 mcg/mL) with boxed warnings for aplastic anemia and Stevens-Johnson syndrome (worst in people of Asian ancestry with the HLA-B*1502 gene); report fever, sore throat, bruising or rash, watch sodium, and avoid grapefruit.
Valproate (asid valproic, divalproex) · Valproate (valproic acid, divalproex)
Yon medikaman kriz ak bipolè (entèval 50 a 100 mcg/mL) ak avètisman nan bwat pou ensifizans fwa, pankreatit ak domaj nesans; tcheke anzim fwa, plakèt ak amonyak, rapòte doulè vant, jònis oswa ematom fasil, epi atann pran pwa ak tranbleman.
A seizure and bipolar drug (range 50 to 100 mcg/mL) with boxed warnings for liver failure, pancreatitis and birth defects; check liver enzymes, platelets and ammonia, report abdominal pain, jaundice or easy bruising, and expect weight gain and tremor.
Carbidopa-levodopa
Prensipal medikaman maladi Parkinson la, ki ranplase dopamine; bay li alè (dòz yo ka fini ant yo), leve dousman pou ipotansyon ortostatik, atann pipi ak swe fonse san danje, rapòte nouvo mouvman sakade oswa konpòtman konpulsif, epi separe repa ki rich an pwoteyin ak dòz la.
The main Parkinson disease drug, which replaces dopamine; give it on time (doses can wear off between them), rise slowly for orthostatic hypotension, expect harmless dark urine and sweat, report new jerky movements or compulsive behaviors, and separate high-protein meals from the dose.
📚 Aprann li: Fenèt Konjesyon Serebral ak Presyon Entrakranyen k ap Monte
Donepezil
Yon inibitè cholinesterase ki ralanti pèt memwa Alzheimer san li pa geri li; atann kè plen, dyare ak pèdi pwa, bay lè dòmi (nan maten si li lakòz rèv vivan oswa ensomni), epi rapòte batman ralanti oswa endispoze, paske acetylcholine anplis ralanti kè a.
A cholinesterase inhibitor that slows Alzheimer memory loss without curing it; expect nausea, diarrhea and weight loss, give at bedtime (morning if it causes vivid dreams or insomnia), and report slow pulse or fainting, because extra acetylcholine slows the heart.
📚 Aprann li: Vyeyès Nòmal kont Bagay ou Pa Dwe Rele Nòmal la
Pyridostigmine
Medikaman myasthenia gravis ki kenbe acetylcholine nan jwenti newomiskilè a; bay li 30 a 60 minit anvan repa, epi distenge kriz myastenik (twò piti) ak kriz kolinerjik (twòp, ak SLUDGE), paske toude lakòz feblès; atropine trete kriz kolinerjik sèlman.
The myasthenia gravis drug that keeps acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction; give it 30 to 60 minutes before meals, and tell myasthenic crisis (too little) from cholinergic crisis (too much, with SLUDGE), since both cause weakness; atropine treats cholinergic crisis only.
📚 Aprann li: Fenèt Konjesyon Serebral ak Presyon Entrakranyen k ap Monte
Benzodiazepines (-azepam, -azolam)
Kalme enkyetid, kanpe kriz epi trete sevraj alkòl, men yo deprime respirasyon (avètisman nan bwat ak opioid), lakòz tonbe kay granmoun aje epi kreye depandans; pa janm sispann yo bridsoukou paske sevraj ka lakòz kriz, epi flumazenil ranvèse surdozaj men li ka li menm deklanche kriz.
Calm anxiety, stop seizures and treat alcohol withdrawal, but they depress breathing (boxed warning with opioids), cause falls in older adults and create dependence; never stop them abruptly because withdrawal can cause seizures, and flumazenil reverses overdose but can itself trigger seizures.
📚 Aprann li: Ki Sevraj ki Ka Tuye: Alkòl, Benzo, ak Sa yo ki Jis Fè Mal
SSRI ak SNRI · SSRIs and SNRIs
Antidepresè premye liy ki pran 4 a 6 semèn pou travay; veye panse swisid ki ogmante kay pasyan anba 25 (avètisman nan bwat), sendwòm serotonin lè yo konbine ak lòt medikaman serotonerjik, efè segondè seksyèl ak iponatremi kay granmoun aje, epi diminye yo gradyèlman pou evite sentòm sispansyon.
First-line antidepressants that take 4 to 6 weeks to work; watch for increased suicidal thinking in clients under 25 (boxed warning), serotonin syndrome when combined with other serotonergic drugs, sexual side effects and hyponatremia in older adults, and taper them to avoid discontinuation symptoms.
Antidepresè trisiklik · Tricyclic antidepressants
Antidepresè ki pi ansyen, yo itilize tou pou doulè nè ak pipi nan kabann, ki letal nan surdozaj akòz aritmi kadyak, kidonk preskripsyon yo kenbe piti pou nenpòt moun ki riske swisid; atann efè antikolinerjik (bouch sèk, konstipasyon, retansyon pipi), sedasyon ak ipotansyon ortostatik.
Older antidepressants, also used for nerve pain and bedwetting, that are lethal in overdose from cardiac arrhythmias, so prescriptions are kept small for anyone at risk of suicide; expect anticholinergic effects (dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention), sedation and orthostatic hypotension.
MAOI (phenelzine, tranylcypromine, selegiline) · MAOIs (phenelzine, tranylcypromine, selegiline)
Antidepresè dènye rekou ki lakòz yon kriz ipètansif (maltèt ki bat fò, kou rèd) ak manje tyramine tankou fwomaj vyeyi, vyann sale ak diven wouj, oswa ak dekongestyonan ak lòt antidepresè; tann 2 semèn ant yon MAOI ak yon SSRI, 5 semèn depi fluoxetine jiska yon MAOI.
Last-resort antidepressants that cause a hypertensive crisis (pounding headache, stiff neck) with tyramine foods such as aged cheese, cured meats and red wine, or with decongestants and other antidepressants; wait 2 weeks between an MAOI and an SSRI, 5 weeks from fluoxetine to an MAOI.
Bupropion
Yon antidepresè ki ede moun sispann fimen tou epi ki epay fonksyon seksyèl; li bese papòt kriz la, kidonk li kontr-endike nan maladi kriz, maladi manje ak sevraj alkòl oswa benzodiazepine brid sou kou, epi li ka lakòz ensomni ak ajitasyon.
An antidepressant that also helps people quit smoking and spares sexual function; it lowers the seizure threshold, so it is contraindicated in seizure disorders, eating disorders and abrupt alcohol or benzodiazepine withdrawal, and it can cause insomnia and agitation.
Lithium
Estabilizatè atitid bipolè ak yon entèval etwat (0.6 a 1.2 mEq/L); toksisite pi wo pase ozanviwon 1.5 pote tranbleman grosye, vomisman, dyare ak ataksi, kidonk kenbe konsomasyon sèl ak likid estab, evite NSAID, thiazide ak inibitè ACE, epi tcheke fonksyon ren ak tiwoyid.
The bipolar mood stabilizer with a narrow range (0.6 to 1.2 mEq/L); toxicity above about 1.5 brings coarse tremor, vomiting, diarrhea and ataxia, so keep salt and fluid intake steady, avoid NSAIDs, thiazides and ACE inhibitors, and check kidney and thyroid function.
Antipsikotik tipik (haloperidol, chlorpromazine, fluphenazine) · Typical antipsychotics (haloperidol, chlorpromazine, fluphenazine)
Antipsikotik premye jenerasyon ki kalme psikoz men ki lakòz efè segondè mouvman: distoni egi ak akatizi bonè, parkinsonis, ak diskinezi tardif ta; trete reyaksyon egi ak benztropine oswa diphenhydramine, veye sendwòm malen newoleptik (lafyèv, rijidite), epi rapòte mouvman lèv ak lang.
First-generation antipsychotics that calm psychosis but cause movement side effects: acute dystonia and akathisia early, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia late; treat acute reactions with benztropine or diphenhydramine, watch for neuroleptic malignant syndrome (fever, rigidity), and report lip smacking and tongue movements.
📚 Aprann li: Pa Diskite ak Delizyon an, ak Lòt Règ pou Sikoz
Antipsikotik atipik (-apine, -idone, aripiprazole) · Atypical antipsychotics (-apine, -idone, aripiprazole)
Antipsikotik dezyèm jenerasyon ak mwens efè mouvman men yon pri metabolik: pran pwa, glikoz wo ak lipid wo, kidonk pwa, glikoz ak lipid yo swiv; yo pote yon avètisman nan bwat pou to lanmò ki pi wo kay granmoun aje ak demans epi yo ka toujou lakòz sendwòm malen newoleptik.
Second-generation antipsychotics with fewer movement effects but a metabolic price: weight gain, high glucose and high lipids, so weight, glucose and lipids are tracked; they carry a boxed warning for higher death rates in older adults with dementia and can still cause neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
📚 Aprann li: Pa Diskite ak Delizyon an, ak Lòt Règ pou Sikoz
Clozapine
Antipsikotik pou eskizofreni ki reziste lòt medikaman epi ki ka elimine netrofil; konte netrofil absoli a tcheke regilyèman, medikaman an kenbe pou yon konte ba, lafyèv oswa malgòj rapòte touswit, epi li lakòz tou kriz, myokardit ak konstipasyon grav.
The antipsychotic for schizophrenia that resists other drugs and can wipe out neutrophils; the absolute neutrophil count is checked regularly, the drug is held for a low count, fever or sore throat is reported at once, and it also causes seizures, myocarditis and severe constipation.
📚 Aprann li: Pa Diskite ak Delizyon an, ak Lòt Règ pou Sikoz
Buspirone
Yon medikaman enkyetid ki pa sedatif san depandans oswa potansyèl abi men san itilizasyon kòm dòz sekou pou panik; li pran 2 a 4 semèn pou travay, li dwe pran chak jou, li lakòz vètij, epi yo pa ta dwe konbine li ak MAOI oswa ji chadèk.
A non-sedating anxiety drug with no dependence or abuse potential but no use as a rescue dose for panic; it takes 2 to 4 weeks to work, must be taken every day, causes dizziness, and should not be combined with MAOIs or grapefruit juice.
Stimulant methylphenidate ak amphetamine · Methylphenidate and amphetamine stimulants
Medikaman ADHD premye liy ak sibstans kontwole ak potansyèl abi; atann pèt apeti, ensomni ak pèdi pwa, kidonk bay dènye dòz la bonè nan jounen an epi swiv wotè ak pwa kay timoun, tcheke batman kè ak tansyon, epi veye tik ak chanjman atitid.
First-line ADHD drugs and controlled substances with abuse potential; expect appetite loss, insomnia and weight loss, so give the last dose early in the day and track height and weight in children, check heart rate and blood pressure, and watch for tics and mood changes.
Disulfiram ak naltrexone · Disulfiram and naltrexone
Disulfiram fè nenpòt alkòl, enkli rens bouch, siwo tous ak losyon apre raz, lakòz woujè, vomisman ak ipotansyon pou jiska 2 semèn apre dènye dòz la; naltrexone bloke rekonpans alkòl ak opioid, kidonk pasyan an dwe san opioid pou 7 a 10 jou anvan.
Disulfiram makes any alcohol, including mouthwash, cough syrup and aftershave, cause flushing, vomiting and hypotension for up to 2 weeks after the last dose; naltrexone blocks the reward from alcohol and opioids, so the client must be opioid-free for 7 to 10 days first.
📚 Aprann li: Ki Sevraj ki Ka Tuye: Alkòl, Benzo, ak Sa yo ki Jis Fè Mal
Oxytocin
Òmòn IV ki pwovoke oswa ranfòse tranche epi ki kontrakte matris la apre nesans; titre pa ponp ak siveyans fetal kontinyèl, epi sispann li, vire pasyan an, bay oksijèn epi notifye founisè a pou plis pase senk kontraksyon nan 10 minit oswa deselerasyon ta.
The IV hormone that induces or strengthens labor and contracts the uterus after birth; titrate by pump with continuous fetal monitoring, and stop it, turn the client, give oxygen and notify the provider for more than five contractions in 10 minutes or late decelerations.
📚 Aprann li: Etap Travay Akouchman an ak Sa Enfimyè a Fè nan Chak
Magnesium sulfate
Medikaman IV ki anpeche kriz eklanptik nan preyeklanpsi; tcheke refleks tandin pwofon, respirasyon ak pwodiksyon pipi chak èdtan, kenbe pou refleks pèdi, respirasyon anba 12 oswa pwodiksyon anba 30 mL pa èdtan, epi kenbe calcium gluconate bò kabann lan kòm antidot.
The IV drug that prevents eclamptic seizures in preeclampsia; check deep tendon reflexes, respirations and urine output every hour, hold for lost reflexes, respirations under 12 or output under 30 mL an hour, and keep calcium gluconate at the bedside as the antidote.
📚 Aprann li: Preyeklanpsi, Magnesium ak Reflèks Ou Tcheke yo
Methylergonovine, carboprost ak misoprostol · Methylergonovine, carboprost and misoprostol
Medikaman yo bay lè masaj ak oxytocin pa rive kanpe senyen apre akouchman: methylergonovine kenbe pou ipètansyon oswa preyeklanpsi, carboprost pou opresyon, epi misoprostol atann pou lakòz lafyèv, frison ak dyare; retcheke fon dis la ak senyen an apre chak.
The drugs given when massage and oxytocin fail to stop postpartum bleeding: methylergonovine is withheld for hypertension or preeclampsia, carboprost for asthma, and misoprostol is expected to cause fever, chills and diarrhea; recheck the fundus and bleeding after each.
📚 Aprann li: Emoraji Aprè Akouchman: Masaj An Premye, Apre Medikaman yo
Terbutaline
Yon agonis beta ki detann matris la pou retade tranche prematire yon ti moman; itilizasyon enjektab pi lwen pase 48 a 72 èdtan (ak nenpòt itilizasyon oral) pote yon avètisman nan bwat pou lanmò kadyak matènèl, kidonk kenbe li pou yon batman matènèl pi wo pase 120 epi rapòte doulè pwatrin.
A beta agonist that relaxes the uterus to delay preterm labor briefly; injectable use beyond 48 to 72 hours (and any oral use) carries a boxed warning for maternal heart deaths, so hold it for a maternal pulse over 120 and report chest pain.
📚 Aprann li: Etap Travay Akouchman an ak Sa Enfimyè a Fè nan Chak
Betamethasone (esteroyid anvan nesans) · Betamethasone (antenatal steroids)
De dòz IM 12 mg yo bay a 24 èdtan distans bay yon fanm yo atann li akouche ant 24 ak 34 semèn, pou matire poumon fetal la epi diminye detrès respiratwa, senyen nan sèvo ak blesi trip; veye glikoz manman an ak siy enfeksyon.
Two IM doses of 12 mg given 24 hours apart to a woman expected to deliver between 24 and 34 weeks, to mature the fetal lungs and cut respiratory distress, brain bleeding and bowel injury; watch the mother's glucose and for signs of infection.
📚 Aprann li: Etap Travay Akouchman an ak Sa Enfimyè a Fè nan Chak
Imunoglobulin Rho(D) · Rho(D) immune globulin
Yon pwodwi san yo bay IM bay yon manman Rh-negatif ak yon depistaj antikò negatif a 28 semèn, nan 72 èdtan apre li akouche yon tibebe Rh-pozitif, epi apre foskouch, avòtman, amniocentèse oswa chòk nan vant; li pa itil yon fwa manman an fin fòme antikò deja.
A blood product given IM to an Rh-negative mother with a negative antibody screen at 28 weeks, within 72 hours of delivering an Rh-positive baby, and after miscarriage, abortion, amniocentesis or abdominal trauma; it is useless once the mother has already formed antibodies.
📚 Aprann li: Emoraji Aprè Akouchman: Masaj An Premye, Apre Medikaman yo
Filgrastim ak epoetin alfa · Filgrastim and epoetin alfa
Filgrastim ogmante netrofil apre chimyoterapi, lakòz doulè zo epi yo pa bay li nan 24 èdtan anvan oswa apre chimyoterapi; epoetin alfa ogmante emoglobin nan maladi ren men li ogmante tansyon ak risk boul, kidonk kenbe li lè emoglobin pase 10 a 11 g/dL.
Filgrastim raises neutrophils after chemotherapy, causes bone pain and is not given within 24 hours before or after chemotherapy; epoetin alfa raises hemoglobin in kidney disease but raises blood pressure and clot risk, so hold it when hemoglobin passes 10 to 11 g/dL.
Methotrexate
Yon blokè folat pou kansè, atrit rimatoyid ak psoriasis ki siprime mwèl la epi domaje fwa a, poumon yo ak kouch bouch la; dòz chak semèn yo pran chak jou pa erè ka letal, kidonk konfime orè a, bay sekou asid folik oswa leucovorin jan yo òdone a, epi anpeche gwosès.
A folate blocker for cancer, rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis that suppresses the marrow and damages the liver, lungs and mouth lining; weekly doses taken daily by mistake can be fatal, so confirm the schedule, give folic acid or leucovorin rescue as ordered, and prevent pregnancy.
Tacrolimus ak cyclosporine · Tacrolimus and cyclosporine
Medikaman anti-rejè transplantasyon yo pran pou tout lavi ak nivo trough pou gide dòz la; toude domaje ren yo epi ogmante tansyon, potasyòm ak risk enfeksyon, tacrolimus ajoute tranbleman ak dyabèt, cyclosporine ajoute depase jansiv ak kwasans cheve, epi chadèk ogmante nivo yo.
Transplant anti-rejection drugs taken for life with trough levels to guide the dose; both damage the kidneys and raise blood pressure, potassium and infection risk, tacrolimus adds tremor and diabetes, cyclosporine adds gum overgrowth and hair growth, and grapefruit raises the levels.
📚 Aprann li: Klas Medikaman dapre Sifiks ak Efè Segondè ki Defini Chak
Potassium chloride
Ranplase potasyòm ba men li kanpe kè a si li antre twò vit: pa janm pouse IV, toujou dilye epi pase pa ponp (ozanviwon 10 mEq pa èdtan atravè yon liy periférik), ak pwodiksyon pipi konfime anvan; dòz oral yo pran ak manje ak dlo.
Replaces low potassium but stops the heart if it goes in too fast: never IV push, always diluted and run by pump (about 10 mEq an hour through a peripheral line), with urine output confirmed first; oral doses are taken with food and water.
📚 Aprann li: Likid IV, Règ Potasyòm ak Premye 15 Minit yon Transfizyon
Sodium bicarbonate
Yon baz IV pou asidoz metabolik grav, ipèkalemi ak surdozaj trisiklik; li enkonpatib ak kalsyòm (presipite), kidonk rense liy lan anvan ak apre, veye gaz san an pou depase nan alkaloz ak potasyòm la pou yon gout, epi atann chaj sodyòm ak likid.
An IV base for severe metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia and tricyclic overdose; it is incompatible with calcium (precipitate), so flush the line before and after, watch the blood gas for overshoot into alkalosis and the potassium for a fall, and expect sodium and fluid load.
Saline ipètonik (3%) · Hypertonic saline (3%)
Enfizyon sèl konsantre pou iponatremi grav sentomatik pou retresi selil sèvo anfle; bay pa ponp jan yo òdone a (ti bolus pou kriz oswa koma, sinon enfizyon kontwole), tcheke sodyòm chak kèk èdtan; pa janm korije pi vit pase 8 a 10 mEq/L nan 24 èdtan, pou anpeche demyelinizasyon.
Concentrated salt infusion for severe symptomatic hyponatremia to shrink swollen brain cells; give by pump as ordered (small boluses for seizures or coma, otherwise controlled infusion), check sodium every few hours; never correct faster than 8 to 10 mEq/L in 24 hours, to prevent demyelination.
📚 Aprann li: Sodyòm, Kalsyòm ak Manyezyòm: Kontraksyon, Kriz ak Vin Plat
Albumin (koloyid IV) · Albumin (IV colloid)
Yon koloyid ki fèt ak plasma imen melanje ki rale likid tounen nan veso yo nan chòk, boule, parasentèz gwo volim ak eta pwoteyin ba; li pa bezwen kwaze, men veye surchaj sikilatwa (krakman, dispne, tansyon k ap monte) ak reyaksyon alèjik pandan enfizyon an.
A colloid made from pooled human plasma that pulls fluid back into the vessels in shock, burns, large-volume paracentesis and low protein states; it needs no cross-match, but watch for circulatory overload (crackles, dyspnea, rising pressure) and allergic reactions during the infusion.
📚 Aprann li: Likid IV, Règ Potasyòm ak Premye 15 Minit yon Transfizyon
Mannitol
Yon diiretik osmotik ki rale dlo soti nan yon sèvo anfle pou bese presyon entrakranyen; enspekte sak la pou kristal epi enfize atravè yon filt, swiv osmolalite serik, sodyòm ak pwodiksyon pipi, epi veye surchaj likid, edèm pilmonè oswa dezidratasyon.
An osmotic diuretic that pulls water out of a swollen brain to lower intracranial pressure; inspect the bag for crystals and infuse through a filter, follow serum osmolality, sodium and urine output, and watch for fluid overload, pulmonary edema or dehydration.
📚 Aprann li: Fenèt Konjesyon Serebral ak Presyon Entrakranyen k ap Monte
Medikaman gout (allopurinol, colchicine) · Gout drugs (allopurinol, colchicine)
Allopurinol anpeche atak gout men li pa ka trete youn epi yo sispann li nan premye gratèl la (risk Stevens-Johnson); colchicine trete kriz egi a epi yo sispann li pou dyare oswa vomisman, premye siy toksisite li yo; toude mande 2 a 3 lit likid pa jou.
Allopurinol prevents gout attacks but cannot treat one and is stopped at the first rash (Stevens-Johnson risk); colchicine treats the acute flare and is stopped for diarrhea or vomiting, its first signs of toxicity; both call for 2 to 3 liters of fluid a day.
📚 Aprann li: Klas Medikaman dapre Sifiks ak Efè Segondè ki Defini Chak
Alendronate (bisphosphonates)
Bati zo nan osteoporoz men li boule ezofaj la; pran lè ou reveye ak yon vè dlo plenn plen, rete dwat san manje, lòt bwason oswa medikaman pou omwen 30 minit, rapòte doulè machwè oswa nouvo doulè kwis, epi kenbe kalsyòm ak vitamin D wo.
Builds bone in osteoporosis but burns the esophagus; take on waking with a full glass of plain water, stay upright with no food, other drinks or medicines for at least 30 minutes, report jaw or new thigh pain, and keep calcium and vitamin D up.
📚 Aprann li: Vyeyès Nòmal kont Bagay ou Pa Dwe Rele Nòmal la
Tamsulosin ak finasteride · Tamsulosin and finasteride
De medikaman pwostat komen: tamsulosin detann soti vesi a men li lakòz vètij ortostatik (pran li 30 minit apre menm repa a epi di chirijyen je a anvan operasyon katarak), pandan finasteride retresi pwostat la sou 6 mwa epi fanm ansent pa dwe manyen li.
Two common prostate drugs: tamsulosin relaxes the bladder outlet but causes orthostatic dizziness (take it 30 minutes after the same meal and tell the eye surgeon before cataract surgery), while finasteride shrinks the prostate over 6 months and must not be handled by pregnant women.
📚 Aprann li: Klas Medikaman dapre Sifiks ak Efè Segondè ki Defini Chak
Kontraseptif oral konbine · Combined oral contraceptives
Grenn estrogen-progestin ki anpeche gwosès men ogmante risk boul, kidonk fimè ki pi wo pase 35 ak nenpòt moun ki gen yon istwa boul pa ka pran yo; anseye ACHES (doulè vant, doulè pwatrin, maltèt, chanjman je, gwo doulè janm) kòm rezon pou rele, epi ke rifampin fè yo echwe.
Estrogen-progestin pills that prevent pregnancy but raise clot risk, so smokers over 35 and anyone with a clot history cannot take them; teach ACHES (abdominal pain, chest pain, headache, eye changes, severe leg pain) as reasons to call, and that rifampin makes them fail.
📚 Aprann li: Klas Medikaman dapre Sifiks ak Efè Segondè ki Defini Chak
Sipleman fè · Iron supplements
Pran fè oral sou lestomak vid ak vitamin C, lwen antiasid; li fonse poupou epi konstipe; bwè fè likid atravè yon chalimo pou evite tache dan; fèmen tout fè lwen paske surdozaj timoun letal (antidot deferoxamine); bay fè IM pa Z-track.
Take oral iron on an empty stomach with vitamin C, away from antacids; it darkens stools and constipates; sip liquid iron through a straw to avoid staining teeth; lock all iron away since child overdose is deadly (antidote deferoxamine); give IM iron by Z-track.
Antiyistaminik (diphenhydramine, loratadine, cetirizine) · Antihistamines (diphenhydramine, loratadine, cetirizine)
Yo bloke histamine pou alèji, demanjezon ak dòmi; diphenhydramine, ki nan premye jenerasyon an, kalme epi li asèche (retansyon pipi, konstipasyon, konfizyon ak tonbe lakay granmoun aje, eksitasyon paradoksal lakay timoun), kidonk yo evite li nan ka glokòm ak lè pwostat la vin pi gwo, tandiske loratadine ak cetirizine apèn travèse pou antre nan sèvo a.
Block histamine for allergies, itching and sleep; first-generation diphenhydramine sedates and dries (urinary retention, constipation, confusion and falls in older adults, paradoxical excitement in children), so it is avoided in glaucoma and prostate enlargement, while loratadine and cetirizine barely cross into the brain.
📚 Aprann li: Vyeyès Nòmal kont Bagay ou Pa Dwe Rele Nòmal la
Likid ak asid-baz
Iperkalemi · Hyperkalemia
Potasyòm pi wo pase 5.0 mEq/L, ki parèt kòm onn T wo epi ki ka rete kè a.
Potassium above 5.0 mEq/L, which shows as peaked T waves and can stop the heart.
Ipokalemi · Hypokalemia
Potasyòm pi ba pase 3.5 mEq/L, ki parèt kòm onn T plat ak onn U epi ki ogmante risk toksisite digoxin.
Potassium below 3.5 mEq/L, which shows as flat T waves and U waves and raises digoxin toxicity risk.
Iponatremi · Hyponatremia
Sodyòm pi ba pase 135 mEq/L, ki lakòz konfizyon ak kriz; yo korije l dousman pou pwoteje sèvo a.
Sodium below 135 mEq/L, causing confusion and seizures; corrected slowly to protect the brain.
📚 Aprann li: Sodyòm, Kalsyòm ak Manyezyòm: Kontraksyon, Kriz ak Vin Plat
Siy Chvostek · Chvostek's sign
Yon kontraksyon nan vizaj lè yo tape machwè a, yon siy kalsyòm ba.
A facial twitch when the cheek is tapped, a sign of low calcium.
📚 Aprann li: Sodyòm, Kalsyòm ak Manyezyòm: Kontraksyon, Kriz ak Vin Plat
Siy Trousseau · Trousseau's sign
Yon spasm nan men lè yo gonfle yon mansèt tansyon, yon siy kalsyòm ba.
A hand spasm when a blood pressure cuff is inflated, a sign of low calcium.
📚 Aprann li: Sodyòm, Kalsyòm ak Manyezyòm: Kontraksyon, Kriz ak Vin Plat
Solisyon izotonik · Isotonic solution
Yon likid IV tankou saline 0.9% oswa lactated Ringer's ki ogmante volim san an san l pa deplase dlo anndan oswa deyò selil yo.
An IV fluid such as 0.9% saline or lactated Ringer's that expands the blood volume without shifting water into or out of cells.
📚 Aprann li: Likid IV, Règ Potasyòm ak Premye 15 Minit yon Transfizyon
Solisyon ipotonik · Hypotonic solution
Yon likid IV tankou saline 0.45% ki deplase dlo anndan selil yo, yo pa janm itilize l ak presyon entrakranyen ki ogmante.
An IV fluid such as 0.45% saline that moves water into cells, never used with increased intracranial pressure.
📚 Aprann li: Likid IV, Règ Potasyòm ak Premye 15 Minit yon Transfizyon
ROME
Respiratory Opposite, Metabolic Equal (respiratwa opoze, metabolik egal): rakousi pou di si yon pwoblèm asid-baz se respiratwa oswa metabolik.
Respiratory opposite, metabolic equal: the shortcut for telling whether an acid-base problem is respiratory or metabolic.
Respirasyon Kussmaul · Kussmaul respirations
Respirasyon pwofon, rapid ki soufle gaz kabonik pou konpanse asidoz metabolik, klasik nan DKA.
Deep, rapid breathing that blows off carbon dioxide to compensate for metabolic acidosis, classic in DKA.
Kadyak ak chòk
Troponin
Makè san ki pi espesifik pou blesi nan misk kè a, yo pran l an seri paske li monte sou plizyè èdtan.
The most specific blood marker of heart muscle injury, drawn in series because it rises over hours.
BNP
Yon òmòn ki libere lè vantrikil yo lonje; pi wo pase apeprè 100 pg/mL sipòte ensifizans kadyak.
A hormone released when the ventricles stretch; above about 100 pg/mL supports heart failure.
Ensifizans kadyak bò gòch · Left-sided heart failure
Ensifizans ki voye san an tounen nan poumon yo, ki lakòz krakman, dispne, òtopne ak krache kim.
Failure that backs blood up into the lungs, causing crackles, dyspnea, orthopnea and frothy sputum.
Ensifizans kadyak bò dwat · Right-sided heart failure
Ensifizans ki voye san an tounen nan kò a, ki lakòz distansyon venn jigoulè, èdèm ak fwa ki ogmante.
Failure that backs blood up into the body, causing jugular venous distention, edema and liver enlargement.
Presyon diferansyèl (pulse pressure) · Pulse pressure
Tansyon sistolik mwens tansyon dyastolik, nòmalman apeprè 40; li vin pi etwat nan chòk epi li vin pi laj ak presyon entrakranyen ki ogmante.
Systolic minus diastolic pressure, normally about 40; it narrows in shock and widens with raised intracranial pressure.
Tansyon atèryèl mwayèn (MAP) · Mean arterial pressure (MAP)
Presyon mwayèn ki pouse san an ale nan ògàn yo, ki dwe rete nan 65 mmHg oswa pi wo.
The average pressure driving blood to the organs, which must stay at or above 65 mmHg.
Triyad Beck · Beck's triad
Ipotansyon, venn kou ki gonfle ak son kè ki toufe: siy tanponad kadyak yo.
Hypotension, distended neck veins and muffled heart sounds: the signs of cardiac tamponade.
📚 Aprann li: Tamponade, Tension Pneumothorax ak Autonomic Dysreflexia
Chòk kadyojèn · Cardiogenic shock
Chòk yon ponp kè ki defaye lakòz, yo trete l ak inotrop olye gwo bolus likid.
Shock caused by a failing heart pump, treated with inotropes rather than large fluid boluses.
Chòk septik · Septic shock
Sepsis ki mande vazopresè pou kenbe MAP nan 65 mmHg oswa plis, ak laktat pi wo pase 2 mmol/L malgre likid yo; premye èdtan: laktat, kilti, antibyotik, 30 mL/kg kristaloyid ak vazopresè.
Sepsis needing vasopressors to keep MAP at 65 mmHg or more, with lactate above 2 mmol/L despite fluids; hour one: lactate, cultures, antibiotics, 30 mL/kg crystalloid and vasopressors.
Respirasyon
Tidaling (varyasyon ak respirasyon) · Tidaling
Monte desann nòmal likid nan chanm sele dlo yon dren torasik ak respirasyon an.
The normal rise and fall of fluid in a chest tube's water-seal chamber with breathing.
Fwuit lè (dren torasik) · Air leak (chest tube)
Biy kontinyèl nan chanm sele dlo a, ki vle di lè ap antre nan sistèm lan oswa li toujou ap chape soti nan poumon an.
Continuous bubbling in the water-seal chamber, meaning air is entering the system or still escaping the lung.
Pneumotoraks anba tansyon · Tension pneumothorax
Lè ki bloke anba presyon nan pwatrin lan ki deplase trachea a nan lòt bò a epi ki kraze sikilasyon an; dekonpresyon ak zegwi soulaje l.
Air trapped under pressure in the chest that shifts the trachea away and collapses circulation; needle decompression relieves it.
📚 Aprann li: Tamponade, Tension Pneumothorax ak Autonomic Dysreflexia
Pwatrin silansye · Silent chest
Disparisyon sifleman nan yon kriz astma grav paske lè a pa deplase ankò, yon ijans respiratwa.
The disappearance of wheezing in a severe asthma attack because air is no longer moving, a respiratory emergency.
Respirasyon lèv plise · Pursed-lip breathing
Expire dousman atravè lèv plise pou kenbe pasaj lè yo louvri pi lontan, yo anseye pasyan ki gen COPD yo sa.
Breathing out slowly through pursed lips to keep the airways open longer, taught to clients with COPD.
Mask san re-respirasyon (non-rebreather) · Non-rebreather mask
Yon mask ak yon sak rezèvwa ki bay jiska apeprè 90% oksijèn nan 10 jiska 15 L/min, toutotan sak la rete gonfle.
A mask with a reservoir bag that delivers up to about 90% oxygen at 10 to 15 L/min, as long as the bag stays inflated.
Mask Venturi · Venturi mask
Yon mask ak adaptè koulè ki bay pousantaj oksijèn egzak, yo prefere l pou COPD.
A mask with color-coded adapters that deliver exact oxygen percentages, preferred for COPD.
Anboli pilmonè · Pulmonary embolism
Yon kayo ki bloke nan poumon an, ki lakòz dispne sibit, doulè pwatrin plewitik, takikadi ak ipoksemi.
A clot lodged in the lung, causing sudden dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, tachycardia and hypoxemia.
📚 Aprann li: Prevansyon DVT ak Pulmonary Embolism Ou Pa Dwe Rate a
Neuro ak òtopedi
Triyad Cushing · Cushing's triad
Ipètansyon ak yon presyon diferansyèl ki elaji, bradikadi ak respirasyon iregilye: yon siy tardif presyon entrakranyen k ap monte.
Hypertension with a widened pulse pressure, bradycardia and irregular breathing: a late sign of rising intracranial pressure.
📚 Aprann li: Fenèt Konjesyon Serebral ak Presyon Entrakranyen k ap Monte
Dènye moman yo te wè l byen (last known well) · Last known well
Dènye fwa yo te wè pasyan estwòk la nòmal, ki kòmanse revèy la pou elijibilite tronbolitik.
The last time a stroke client was seen normal, which starts the clock for thrombolytic eligibility.
📚 Aprann li: Fenèt Konjesyon Serebral ak Presyon Entrakranyen k ap Monte
Disrefleksi otonòm · Autonomic dysreflexia
Yon ipètansyon danjere sibit ak maltèt nan blesi mwal epinyè nan T6 oswa pi wo, abityèlman yon vesi plen deklanche l.
A sudden dangerous hypertension with headache in spinal cord injuries at T6 or above, usually triggered by a full bladder.
📚 Aprann li: Tamponade, Tension Pneumothorax ak Autonomic Dysreflexia
Eta epileptik kontinyèl · Status epilepticus
Yon kriz ki dire plis pase senk minit oswa kriz repete san rekiperasyon, yo trete l ak lorazepam IV.
A seizure lasting more than five minutes or repeated seizures without recovery, treated with IV lorazepam.
📚 Aprann li: Fenèt Konjesyon Serebral ak Presyon Entrakranyen k ap Monte
Delirium (konfizyon egi) · Delirium
Yon konfizyon sibit, ki varye, abityèlman revèsib ak mank atansyon, souvan enfeksyon, medikaman, dezidratasyon oswa doulè lakòz li.
A sudden, fluctuating, usually reversible confusion with inattention, often caused by infection, drugs, dehydration or pain.
📚 Aprann li: Vyeyès Nòmal kont Bagay ou Pa Dwe Rele Nòmal la
Sendwòm konpatiman · Compartment syndrome
Presyon k ap monte anndan yon konpatiman misk ki koupe sikilasyon san an; premye siy yo se doulè ki pa pwopòsyonèl ak doulè lè yo detire l pasivman.
Rising pressure inside a muscle compartment that cuts off blood flow; the first signs are pain out of proportion and pain on passive stretch.
📚 Aprann li: Compartment Syndrome ak Fat Embolism: Doulè ak Petechiae
Sendwòm anboli grès · Fat embolism syndrome
Grès ki soti nan yon frakti zo long ki rive nan poumon yo ak sèvo a nan 24 jiska 72 èdtan, ak dispne, konfizyon ak peteshi nan pwatrin lan.
Fat from a long-bone fracture reaching the lungs and brain within 24 to 72 hours, with dyspnea, confusion and chest petechiae.
📚 Aprann li: Compartment Syndrome ak Fat Embolism: Doulè ak Petechiae
Endokrin
Asidosetoz dyabetik (DKA) · Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
Glikoz wo ak setòn ak asidoz, abityèlman nan dyabèt tip 1, yo trete l ak likid, insulin regilye IV ak potasyòm.
High glucose with ketones and acidosis, usually in type 1 diabetes, treated with fluids, IV regular insulin and potassium.
📚 Aprann li: DKA Kont HHS: Setòn, Likid ak Pyèj Potasyòm nan
Eta iperglisemik iperosmolè (HHS) · Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS)
Iperglisemi ekstrèm san setòn enpòtan, abityèlman nan dyabèt tip 2, ak dezidratasyon grav ak eta mantal chanje.
Extreme hyperglycemia without significant ketones, usually in type 2 diabetes, with severe dehydration and altered mental status.
📚 Aprann li: DKA Kont HHS: Setòn, Likid ak Pyèj Potasyòm nan
Kriz Addison · Addisonian crisis
Ipotansyon pwofon ak chòk akoz ensifizans adrenal, souvan maladi, estrès oswa esteroyid yo rete sibit deklanche l; yo trete l ak hydrocortisone IV.
Profound hypotension and shock from adrenal insufficiency, often triggered by illness, stress or abruptly stopped steroids; treated with IV hydrocortisone.
Tanpèt tiwoyid · Thyroid storm
Yon ogmantasyon òmòn tiwoyid ki menase lavi ak gwo lafyèv, takikadi grav ak ajitasyon.
A life-threatening surge of thyroid hormone with high fever, severe tachycardia and agitation.
Koma miksedèm · Myxedema coma
Ipotiwoyidi grav ak ipotèmi, bradikadi, ipotansyon ak konsyans diminye.
Severe hypothyroidism with hypothermia, bradycardia, hypotension and decreased consciousness.
Dyabèt ensipid · Diabetes insipidus
Twò piti òmòn antidiretik, oswa ren ki pa reponn a li, ki pwodui gwo volim pipi dilye ak yon sodyòm k ap monte.
Too little antidiuretic hormone, or kidneys that do not respond to it, producing large volumes of dilute urine and a rising sodium.
SIADH
Twòp òmòn antidiretik, ki lakòz retansyon dlo, pipi konsantre ak yon sodyòm k ap bese.
Too much antidiuretic hormone, causing water retention, concentrated urine and a falling sodium.
GI, ren ak apre operasyon
Sendwòm dumping (vidman rapid) · Dumping syndrome
Kramp, swe ak dyare apre repa lè manje prese soti nan lestomak ale nan entesten apre chiriji gastrik.
Cramping, sweating and diarrhea after meals when food rushes from the stomach into the intestine after gastric surgery.
Eviserasyon · Evisceration
Ògàn ki soti atravè yon ensizyon chirijikal ki louvri; kouvri ak twal gaz esteril imid epi rele chirijyen an.
Organs protruding through an opened surgical incision; cover with moist sterile gauze and call the surgeon.
📚 Aprann li: Jou 1 Jiska 10 Apre Operasyon: Sa Ki Mal Pase e Ki Lè
Deisans · Dehiscence
Separasyon bò yon ensizyon chirijikal, souvan ozalantou jou senk jiska dis.
Separation of the edges of a surgical incision, often around days five to ten.
📚 Aprann li: Jou 1 Jiska 10 Apre Operasyon: Sa Ki Mal Pase e Ki Lè
Ileus paralitik · Paralytic ileus
Yon entesten ki rete deplase apre chiriji, ak distansyon, pa gen gaz ak son entesten absan.
A bowel that stops moving after surgery, with distention, no flatus and absent bowel sounds.
📚 Aprann li: Jou 1 Jiska 10 Apre Operasyon: Sa Ki Mal Pase e Ki Lè
Estoma · Stoma
Ouverti yon ostomi yo kreye chirijikalman, ki an sante lè l woz ak imid epi yon ijans lè l fonse oswa mov.
The surgically created opening of an ostomy, healthy when pink and moist and an emergency when dusky or purple.
CAUTI
Yon enfeksyon aparèy irinè ki asosye ak katetè, yo prevni l ak ensèsyon esteril, yon sistèm fèmen ak retire bonè.
A catheter-associated urinary tract infection, prevented by sterile insertion, a closed system and early removal.
Rapò BUN ak kreyatinin · BUN-to-creatinine ratio
Yon rapò pi wo pase apeprè 20 a 1 ak yon kreyatinin nòmal sijere dezidratasyon olye dega nan ren.
A ratio above about 20 to 1 with a normal creatinine suggests dehydration rather than kidney damage.
Matenite
Règ Naegele · Naegele's rule
Dat akouchman estime: premye jou dènye règ yo, mwens twa mwa, plis sèt jou, plis yon ane.
Estimated due date: first day of the last period, minus three months, plus seven days, plus a year.
VEAL CHOP
Variable means cord, Early means head, Accelerations are okay, Late means placenta (varyab vle di kòdon, bonè vle di tèt, akselerasyon yo oke, tardif vle di plasenta): dekodè vitès kè fetal la.
Variable means cord, early means head, accelerations are okay, late means placenta: the fetal heart rate decoder.
Deselerasyon tardif · Late decelerations
Bès vitès kè fetal ki kòmanse apre yon kontraksyon kòmanse epi ki rekipere apre l fini, yon siy ensifizans plasentè.
Fetal heart rate dips that start after a contraction begins and recover after it ends, a sign of placental insufficiency.
Preeklanpsi · Preeclampsia
Nouvo ipètansyon apre 20 semèn ak pwoteyin nan pipi a oswa patisipasyon ògàn; magnesium sulfate anpeche kriz yo.
New hypertension after 20 weeks with protein in the urine or organ involvement; magnesium sulfate prevents seizures.
📚 Aprann li: Preyeklanpsi, Magnesium ak Reflèks Ou Tcheke yo
Placenta previa
Yon plasenta ki kouvri kòl matris la, ki lakòz senyen wouj klere san doulè; pa gen egzamen vajinal.
A placenta covering the cervix, causing painless bright red bleeding; no vaginal exams.
Abruptio placentae
Separasyon bonè plasenta a, ki lakòz senyen douloure, yon matris rijid ak risk chòk.
Early separation of the placenta, causing painful bleeding, a rigid uterus and risk of shock.
Atoni matris · Uterine atony
Yon matris ki pa kontrakte apre akouchman, kòz ki pi komen pou emoraji apre akouchman; masaje fon an anvan.
A uterus that fails to contract after birth, the most common cause of postpartum hemorrhage; massage the fundus first.
📚 Aprann li: Emoraji Aprè Akouchman: Masaj An Premye, Apre Medikaman yo
Lochia
Ekoulman vajinal apre akouchman ki pwogrese depi wouj (rubra) rive woz-mawon (serosa) rive blan (alba).
Vaginal discharge after birth that progresses from red (rubra) to pink-brown (serosa) to white (alba).
📚 Aprann li: Emoraji Aprè Akouchman: Masaj An Premye, Apre Medikaman yo
Nòt APGAR · APGAR score
Yon nòt tibebe nouvo fèt nan 1 ak 5 minit pou vitès kè, respirasyon, ton, refleks ak koulè; 7 jiska 10 nòmal.
A newborn score at 1 and 5 minutes for heart rate, breathing, tone, reflexes and color; 7 to 10 is normal.
📚 Aprann li: Premye Èdtan an: APGAR, Chalè, Vitamin K ak Sik
Iminoglobulin Rh · Rh immune globulin
Piki yo bay manman Rh-negatif nan 28 semèn epi nan 72 èdtan apre yo akouche yon tibebe Rh-pozitif, pou anpeche antikò kont tibebe pi devan yo.
The injection given to Rh-negative mothers at 28 weeks and within 72 hours after delivering an Rh-positive baby, to prevent antibodies against future babies.
📚 Aprann li: Emoraji Aprè Akouchman: Masaj An Premye, Apre Medikaman yo
Pediyatri
Pri ak pous ak endèks · Pincer grasp
Pran yon ti objè ant pous la ak dwèt endèks la, yo atann li nan 9 jiska 12 mwa.
Picking up a small object between the thumb and forefinger, expected by 9 to 12 months.
📚 Aprann li: Li Woule a Kat, li Chita a Sis, li Mache a Douz
Vaksen vivan · Live vaccine
Yon vaksen ki fèt ak yon viris oswa bakteri vivan, febli, tankou MMR, varicella oswa BCG, yo pa bay li nan gwosès oswa iminosipresyon grav.
A vaccine made from a live, weakened virus or bacterium, such as MMR, varicella or BCG, not given in pregnancy or severe immunosuppression.
Croup
Yon enfeksyon viral pasaj lè nan jèn timoun ak yon tous ki sonnen tankou jape ak stridor, yo trete l ak dexamethasone epi, pou stridor lè yo repoze, epinephrine nebulize.
A viral airway infection in young children with a barking cough and stridor, treated with dexamethasone and, for stridor at rest, nebulized epinephrine.
📚 Aprann li: Croup, Epiglotit ak Lam Lang Ou Pa Janm Itilize
Epiglotit · Epiglottitis
Yon anfle bakteri nan epiglot la ak bave ak yon pozisyon tripod; pa janm egzamine gòj la.
A bacterial swelling of the epiglottis with drooling and a tripod position; never examine the throat.
📚 Aprann li: Croup, Epiglotit ak Lam Lang Ou Pa Janm Itilize
Kriz Tet (tet spell) · Tet spell
Yon epizòd syanotik sibit nan tetraloji Fallot, pozisyon jenou-pwatrin ak oksijèn soulaje l.
A sudden cyanotic episode in tetralogy of Fallot, relieved by the knee-chest position and oxygen.
Maladi Kawasaki · Kawasaki disease
Yon maladi timoun ak senk jou lafyèv, yon lang frèz ak men ki dekale, yo trete l ak IVIG ak aspirin pou pwoteje atè koronè yo.
A childhood illness with five days of fever, a strawberry tongue and peeling hands, treated with IVIG and aspirin to protect the coronary arteries.
Entisisepsyon · Intussusception
Yon entesten ki antre youn nan lòt tankou teleskòp nan tibebe ak doulè sibit, jenou rale ak poupou jele grozèy, yo redui l ak yon lavman.
A telescoping bowel in infants with sudden pain, drawn-up knees and currant-jelly stools, reduced with an enema.
Estenoz pilorik · Pyloric stenosis
Yon soti lestomak ki vin etwat nan jèn tibebe ki lakòz vomisman projèktil ak yon mas ki gen fòm oliv.
A narrowed stomach outlet in young infants causing projectile vomiting and an olive-shaped mass.
Anksyete separasyon · Separation anxiety
Etap pwotestasyon, dezespwa ak detachman yon tibebe oswa yon timoun piti ki entène lopital pase lè yon paran ale.
The protest, despair and detachment stages a hospitalized infant or toddler goes through when a parent leaves.
📚 Aprann li: Syèj Machin, Manje ki Toufe, Dòmi an Sekirite ak Timoun ki Lopital
Sante mantal
Kominikasyon terapetik · Therapeutic communication
Teknik tankou kesyon louvri, refleksyon ak silans ki kenbe konsantre a sou santiman pasyan an.
Techniques such as open-ended questions, reflection and silence that keep the focus on the client's feelings.
📚 Aprann li: Pa Janm Mande Poukisa: Kominikasyon Terapetik ki Pase Egzamen an
Fo rasirans · False reassurance
Di yon pasyan tout bagay ap byen pase, sa rejte santiman an epi fini konvèsasyon an.
Telling a client everything will be fine, which dismisses the feeling and ends the conversation.
📚 Aprann li: Pa Janm Mande Poukisa: Kominikasyon Terapetik ki Pase Egzamen an
Sendwòm serotonin · Serotonin syndrome
Ajitasyon, lafyèv, swe, ipèrefleksi ak klonis akoz twòp medikaman serotonèjik.
Agitation, fever, sweating, hyperreflexia and clonus from too much serotonergic medication.
Sendwòm malen nevroleptik (NMS) · Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)
Gwo lafyèv, rijidite tankou tiyo plon ak siy vital enstab akoz antipsikotik; rete medikaman an epi refwadi pasyan an.
High fever, lead-pipe rigidity and unstable vital signs from antipsychotics; stop the drug and cool the client.
Tyramine
Yon sibstans nan fwomaj vyeyi, vyann sale epi fimen ak diven wouj ki lakòz yon kriz ipètansif ak MAOIs.
A substance in aged cheese, cured meats and red wine that causes a hypertensive crisis with MAOIs.
Delirium tremens
Sevraj alkòl grav, abityèlman 48 jiska 96 èdtan (2 jiska 4 jou) apre dènye bwason an, ak konfizyon, ajitasyon, alisinasyon ak siy vital enstab; li ka fatal.
Severe alcohol withdrawal, usually 48 to 96 hours (2 to 4 days) after the last drink, with confusion, agitation, hallucinations and unstable vital signs; it can be fatal.
📚 Aprann li: Ki Sevraj ki Ka Tuye: Alkòl, Benzo, ak Sa yo ki Jis Fè Mal
Alisinasyon kòmand · Command hallucination
Yon vwa ki di pasyan an fè yon bagay, yon ijans lè l bay lòd pou fè tèt li oswa lòt moun mal.
A voice telling the client to do something, an emergency when it orders harm to self or others.
📚 Aprann li: Pa Diskite ak Delizyon an, ak Lòt Règ pou Sikoz
Moun ki oblije rapòte (mandatory reporter) · Mandatory reporter
Yon pwofesyonèl, ki gen ladan enfimyè a, lalwa oblije anba lalwa eta a pou rapòte sispèk abi oswa neglijans timoun epi, nan pifò eta, granmoun aje ak adilt depandan.
A professional, including the nurse, legally required under state law to report suspected abuse or neglect of children and, in most states, of elders and dependent adults.
Valè laboratwa
Chanjman agòch · Shift to the left
Yon ogmantasyon netwofil imatir (bands) nan san an, yon siy enfeksyon bakteri egi.
A rise in immature neutrophils (bands) in the blood, a sign of acute bacterial infection.
Kantite netwofil absoli (ANC) · Absolute neutrophil count (ANC)
Selil blan miltipliye pa pousantaj konbine netwofil ak bands, divize pa 100; anba 1,500/mm³ se netwopeni, anba 500/mm³ se grav, epi prekosyon netwopenik abityèlman kòmanse anba apeprè 1,000/mm³ dapre règleman an.
White cells times the combined percentage of neutrophils and bands, divided by 100; under 1,500/mm³ is neutropenia, under 500/mm³ is severe, and neutropenic precautions usually start below about 1,000/mm³ per policy.
Hemoglobin A1c
Glikoz san mwayèn sou de a twa mwa pase yo; 6.5% oswa pi wo dyagnostike dyabèt.
The average blood glucose over the past two to three months; 6.5% or higher diagnoses diabetes.
Gravite espesifik pipi · Urine specific gravity
Jan pipi a konsantre, nòmalman 1.005 jiska 1.030; wo ak dezidratasyon, ba ak dyabèt ensipid.
How concentrated urine is, normally 1.005 to 1.030; high with dehydration, low with diabetes insipidus.
📚 Aprann li: Analiz Pipi, Gravite Espesifik ak Kolekte l Byen
Lactate
Yon makè move perfusion tisi; pi wo pase 2 mmol/L enkyetan epi 4 oswa plis nan sepsis deklanche bolus likid la.
A marker of poor tissue perfusion; above 2 mmol/L is concerning and 4 or more in sepsis triggers the fluid bolus.
TSH
Òmòn pitwitè ki wo nan ipotiwoyidi epi ba nan ipètiwoyidi.
The pituitary hormone that is high in hypothyroidism and low in hyperthyroidism.
Nivo digoxin · Digoxin level
Entèval terapetik apeprè 0.5 jiska 2.0 ng/mL; toksisite pote noze, bradikadi ak alo vizyèl jòn-vèt.
Therapeutic range about 0.5 to 2.0 ng/mL; toxicity brings nausea, bradycardia and yellow-green visual halos.
Nivo lithium · Lithium level
Entèval terapetik 0.6 jiska 1.2 mEq/L; pi wo pase apeprè 1.5 pote tranbleman gwo, vomisman ak ataksi.
Therapeutic range 0.6 to 1.2 mEq/L; above about 1.5 brings coarse tremor, vomiting and ataxia.
Kantite globil wouj (RBC) · Red blood cell count (RBC)
Apeprè 4.7 jiska 6.1 milyon/mm³ nan gason epi 4.2 jiska 5.4 milyon/mm³ nan fi; ba vle di anemi oswa senyen, wo vle di dezidratasyon, ipoksi kwonik oswa polisitemi.
About 4.7 to 6.1 million/mm³ in men and 4.2 to 5.4 million/mm³ in women; low means anemia or bleeding, high means dehydration, chronic hypoxia or polycythemia.
Hemoglobin (Hgb)
Apeprè 14 jiska 18 g/dL nan gason epi 12 jiska 16 g/dL nan fi; yo abityèlman konsidere yon transfizyon anba 7 jiska 8 g/dL, epi anba apeprè 6 jiska 7 se yon valè kritik.
About 14 to 18 g/dL in men and 12 to 16 g/dL in women; a transfusion is usually considered below 7 to 8 g/dL, and below about 6 to 7 is a critical value.
Hematocrit (Hct)
42 jiska 52% nan gason, 37 jiska 47% nan fi, apeprè twa fwa hemoglobin; li monte ak dezidratasyon, li bese ak twòp likid malgre mas globil wouj ki pa chanje, epi li bese ak senyen, byenke senyen egi ka parèt nòmal jiskaske likid deplase oswa likid IV dilye l.
42 to 52% in men, 37 to 47% in women, about three times hemoglobin; rises with dehydration, falls with fluid overload despite unchanged red cell mass, and falls with bleeding, though acute bleeds may look normal until fluid shifts or IV fluids dilute it.
Kantite globil blan (WBC) · White blood cell count (WBC)
Nòmal 5,000 jiska 10,000/mm³ (kèk laboratwa 4,500 jiska 11,000); wo vle di enfeksyon, enflamasyon, steroids oswa lesemi, ba swiv chimyoterapi oswa echèk mwèl, epi anba apeprè 2,000 oswa pi wo pase apeprè 30,000 kritik.
Normal 5,000 to 10,000/mm³ (some labs 4,500 to 11,000); high means infection, inflammation, steroids or leukemia, low follows chemotherapy or marrow failure, and below about 2,000 or above about 30,000 is critical.
Plakèt (PLT) · Platelets (PLT)
Nòmal 150,000 jiska 400,000/mm³; prekosyon senyen kòmanse anba apeprè 50,000, risk senyen spontane monte anba 20,000, epi anba apeprè 10,000 jiska 20,000 se yon valè kritik.
Normal 150,000 to 400,000/mm³; bleeding precautions start below about 50,000, spontaneous bleeding risk climbs below 20,000, and below about 10,000 to 20,000 is a critical value.
Volim korpiskilè mwayèn (MCV) · Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
Gwosè mwayèn globil wouj la, nòmalman apeprè 80 jiska 100 fL; yon MCV ba montre defisyans fè, yon MCV wo montre defisyans vitamin B12 oswa folate.
The average red cell size, normally about 80 to 100 fL; a low MCV points to iron deficiency, a high MCV to vitamin B12 or folate deficiency.
Ferritin
Rezèv fè kò a, apeprè 12 jiska 300 ng/mL nan gason epi 12 jiska 150 ng/mL nan fi; ba konfime anemi defisyans fè, pandan l monte ak enflamasyon, kidonk yon valè nòmal pa eskli defisyans lan.
The body's iron store, about 12 to 300 ng/mL in men and 12 to 150 ng/mL in women; low confirms iron-deficiency anemia, while it rises with inflammation, so a normal value does not rule deficiency out.
Fè serik ak TIBC · Serum iron and TIBC
Fè serik apeprè 60 jiska 170 mcg/dL ak kapasite total pou mare fè apeprè 250 jiska 450 mcg/dL; nan defisyans fè, fè a bese pandan TIBC monte, tandiske nan anemi maladi kwonik fè a bese tou men TIBC nòmal oswa ba.
Serum iron about 60 to 170 mcg/dL and total iron-binding capacity about 250 to 450 mcg/dL; in iron deficiency the iron falls while the TIBC rises, whereas in anemia of chronic disease the iron also falls but the TIBC is normal or low.
Tan pwotronbin (PT) · Prothrombin time (PT)
Apeprè 11 jiska 13.5 segonn, ak yon INR 0.8 jiska 1.2 san antikoagulan; li alonje ak warfarin, maladi fwa ak defisyans vitamin K, epi sou warfarin se INR a, pa segonn yo, ou rapòte.
About 11 to 13.5 seconds, with an INR of 0.8 to 1.2 off anticoagulants; it lengthens with warfarin, liver disease and vitamin K deficiency, and on warfarin the INR, not the seconds, is what you report.
Entèval nòmal aPTT · aPTT normal range
Apeprè 30 jiska 40 segonn san antikoagulan; sou yon perfusion heparin objektif la se 1.5 jiska 2.5 fwa kontwòl (anviwon 46 jiska 70 segonn), epi pi wo pase apeprè 70 segonn kritik: swiv pwotokòl heparin lan, evalye senyen epi avèti pwofesyonèl la.
About 30 to 40 seconds off anticoagulants; on a heparin infusion the goal is 1.5 to 2.5 times control (roughly 46 to 70 seconds), and above about 70 seconds is critical: follow the heparin protocol, assess for bleeding and notify the provider.
Objektif INR ak yon valv kè mekanik · INR target with a mechanical heart valve
Pifò itilizasyon warfarin (AF, DVT, PE) vize 2 jiska 3, yon valv awotik mekanik apeprè 2.5, epi yon valv mitral oswa awotik ki gen gwo risk apeprè 3 (2.5 jiska 3.5); pi wo pase 5 kritik: rete dòz la, avèti pwofesyonèl la, atann vitamin K pi wo pase 10 oswa senyen.
Most warfarin uses (AF, DVT, PE) aim for 2 to 3, a mechanical aortic valve about 2.5, and a mitral or high-risk aortic valve about 3 (2.5 to 3.5); above 5 is critical: hold the dose, notify the provider, expect vitamin K above 10 or bleeding.
Nivo Anti-Xa (heparin) · Anti-Xa level (heparin)
Nouvo fason pou siveye yon perfusion heparin, ki vize apeprè 0.3 jiska 0.7 units/mL pou heparin ki pa fraksyone; li ranplase aPTT nan anpil lopital epi kayo debaz yon pasyan pa deranje l.
The newer way to monitor a heparin infusion, aiming for about 0.3 to 0.7 units/mL for unfractionated heparin; it replaces the aPTT at many hospitals and is not thrown off by a client's baseline clotting.
Fibrinogen
Nòmal apeprè 200 jiska 400 mg/dL; li bese anba 100 nan kayo entravaskilè gaye paske kayo a konsome l, kidonk yon fibrinogen ba ak yon D-dimer k ap monte nan yon pasyan k ap senyen montre DIC.
Normal about 200 to 400 mg/dL; it falls below 100 in disseminated intravascular coagulation because clotting consumes it, so a low fibrinogen with a rising D-dimer in a bleeding client points to DIC.
D-dimer
Yon fragman dekonpozisyon kayo, nòmalman anba apeprè 0.5 mcg/mL (500 ng/mL); yon valè nòmal ede eskli DVT ak anboli pilmonè, pandan yon valè wo pa espesifik epi li monte nan DIC, chiriji, gwosès ak enfeksyon.
A clot-breakdown fragment, normally under about 0.5 mcg/mL (500 ng/mL); a normal value helps rule out DVT and pulmonary embolism, while a high one is nonspecific and rises in DIC, surgery, pregnancy and infection.
📚 Aprann li: Prevansyon DVT ak Pulmonary Embolism Ou Pa Dwe Rate a
Sodyòm (Na+) · Sodium (Na+)
Nòmal 135 jiska 145 mEq/L; anba 135 pote konfizyon ak kriz lè l bese vit, pi wo pase 145 swaf ak ajitasyon; kritik anba 120 oswa pi wo pase 160, epi koreksyon an pa ale pi vit pase apeprè 8 jiska 10 mEq/L pa jou.
Normal 135 to 145 mEq/L; below 135 brings confusion and seizures when it falls fast, above 145 thirst and restlessness; critical below 120 or above 160, and correction runs no faster than about 8 to 10 mEq/L a day.
📚 Aprann li: Sodyòm, Kalsyòm ak Manyezyòm: Kontraksyon, Kriz ak Vin Plat
Potasyòm (K+) · Potassium (K+)
Nòmal 3.5 jiska 5.0 mEq/L; ba pote onn T plat, onn U ak toksisite digoxin, wo pote onn T wo ak arè, epi anba 2.5 oswa pi wo pase apeprè 6.0 jiska 6.5 kritik.
Normal 3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L; low brings flat T waves, U waves and digoxin toxicity, high brings peaked T waves and arrest, and below 2.5 or above about 6.0 to 6.5 is critical.
Klori (Cl-) · Chloride (Cl-)
Nòmal apeprè 98 jiska 106 mEq/L (kèk laboratwa 96 jiska 106); li swiv sodyòm, kidonk li bese ak vomisman ak diiretik bouk epi li monte ak dezidratasyon oswa gwo volim saline nòmal.
Normal about 98 to 106 mEq/L (some labs 96 to 106); it follows sodium, so it falls with vomiting and loop diuretics and rises with dehydration or large volumes of normal saline.
Bikabonat (CO2 nan sewòm) · Bicarbonate (serum CO2)
Bikabonat venn sou yon panèl chimik, nòmalman 22 jiska 26 mEq/L (kèk laboratwa 23 jiska 29); ba vle di asidoz metabolik tankou DKA oswa dyare, wo vle di alkaloz metabolik tankou vomisman, epi anba 10 kritik.
The venous bicarbonate on a chemistry panel, normally 22 to 26 mEq/L (some labs 23 to 29); low means metabolic acidosis such as DKA or diarrhea, high means metabolic alkalosis such as vomiting, and below 10 is critical.
Azòt ire nan san (BUN) · Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
Nòmal 10 jiska 20 mg/dL; li monte ak disfonksyon ren, dezidratasyon, senyen GI, gwo konsomasyon pwoteyin ak steroids, kidonk yon BUN wo ak yon kreyatinin nòmal abityèlman vle di dezidratasyon olye dega nan ren.
Normal 10 to 20 mg/dL; it rises with kidney dysfunction, dehydration, GI bleeding, high protein intake and steroids, so a high BUN with a normal creatinine usually means dehydration rather than kidney damage.
Kreyatinin serik · Serum creatinine
Nòmal apeprè 0.6 jiska 1.2 mg/dL; se makè ren espesifik la paske rejim ak idratasyon apèn deplase l, epi lè kreyatinin lan vin de fwa plis, sa vle di to filtrasyon glomerilè a apeprè bese mwatye.
Normal about 0.6 to 1.2 mg/dL; it is the specific kidney marker because diet and hydration barely move it, and a doubling of the creatinine means the glomerular filtration rate has roughly halved.
To filtrasyon glomerilè estime (eGFR) · Estimated GFR (eGFR)
Nòmal 90 mL/min/1.73 m² oswa pi wo; anba 60, oswa siy dega ren tankou albuminuria, pou plis pase twa mwa defini maladi ren kwonik, anba 30 grav, epi anba 15 se echèk ren, lè yo planifye dializ oswa transplantasyon.
Normal 90 mL/min/1.73 m² or higher; below 60, or signs of kidney damage such as albuminuria, for more than three months defines chronic kidney disease, below 30 is severe, and below 15 is kidney failure, when dialysis or transplant is planned.
Glikoz nan san a jèn · Fasting blood glucose
Nòmal 70 jiska 99 mg/dL; 100 jiska 125 se predyabèt epi 126 oswa pi wo nan de okazyon dyagnostike dyabèt, pandan yon glikoz o aza 200 oswa plis ak sentòm dyagnostike l tou.
Normal 70 to 99 mg/dL; 100 to 125 is prediabetes and 126 or higher on two occasions diagnoses diabetes, while a random glucose of 200 or more with symptoms also diagnoses it.
Valè kritik glikoz nan san · Blood glucose critical values
Anba 70 mg/dL se ipoglisemi (trete ak 15 gram idrat kabòn si l reveye, dextrose IV oswa glucagon si l pa reveye); anba 40 oswa pi wo pase apeprè 500 se yon valè kritik, epi HHS kouri pi wo pase 600.
Below 70 mg/dL is hypoglycemia (treat with 15 grams of carbohydrate if awake, IV dextrose or glucagon if not); below 40 or above about 500 is a critical value, and HHS runs above 600.
📚 Aprann li: DKA Kont HHS: Setòn, Likid ak Pyèj Potasyòm nan
Objektif Hemoglobin A1c nan dyabèt · Hemoglobin A1c target in diabetes
Pou pifò adilt ki gen dyabèt objektif tretman an se yon A1c anba 7%, anviwon yon glikoz mwayèn 150 mg/dL; yo itilize yon objektif mwens strik anba 8% pou pasyan frajil oswa pi gran ki gen risk ipoglisemi.
For most adults with diabetes the treatment goal is an A1c under 7%, roughly an average glucose of 150 mg/dL; a less strict goal under 8% is used for frail or older clients at risk of hypoglycemia.
Kalsyòm total (Ca) · Total calcium (Ca)
Nòmal 9 jiska 10.5 mg/dL; ba pote pikotman, tetani, siy Chvostek ak Trousseau ak laringospasm, wo pote feblès, konstipasyon, wòch ak konfizyon, epi anba apeprè 6 oswa pi wo pase apeprè 13 kritik.
Normal 9 to 10.5 mg/dL; low brings tingling, tetany, Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs and laryngospasm, high brings weakness, constipation, stones and confusion, and below about 6 or above about 13 is critical.
📚 Aprann li: Sodyòm, Kalsyòm ak Manyezyòm: Kontraksyon, Kriz ak Vin Plat
Kalsyòm iyonize · Ionized calcium
Kalsyòm aktif, ki pa mare, nòmalman apeprè 4.5 jiska 5.6 mg/dL (1.1 jiska 1.4 mmol/L); se valè pou fè konfyans lè albumin ba, paske yon albumin ba rale kalsyòm total la desann san l pa chanje fraksyon iyonize a.
The active, unbound calcium, normally about 4.5 to 5.6 mg/dL (1.1 to 1.4 mmol/L); it is the value to trust when albumin is low, because a low albumin drags the total calcium down without changing the ionized fraction.
📚 Aprann li: Sodyòm, Kalsyòm ak Manyezyòm: Kontraksyon, Kriz ak Vin Plat
Manyezyòm (Mg) · Magnesium (Mg)
Nòmal apeprè 1.5 jiska 2.5 mEq/L (kèk laboratwa 1.3 jiska 2.1); ba pote tranbleman, ipèrefleksi ak torsades, wo pote refleks pèdi, ipotansyon ak depresyon respiratwa, epi anba apeprè 1 oswa pi wo pase apeprè 5 kritik.
Normal about 1.5 to 2.5 mEq/L (some labs 1.3 to 2.1); low brings tremor, hyperreflexia and torsades, high brings lost reflexes, hypotension and respiratory depression, and below about 1 or above about 5 is critical.
📚 Aprann li: Sodyòm, Kalsyòm ak Manyezyòm: Kontraksyon, Kriz ak Vin Plat
Fosfò (PO4) · Phosphorus (PO4)
Nòmal 2.5 jiska 4.5 mg/dL epi envès ak kalsyòm; li monte nan echèk ren (binders, rejim ki ba an fosfò) epi li bese ak realimantasyon ak malnitrisyon, epi anba apeprè 1 mg/dL kritik.
Normal 2.5 to 4.5 mg/dL and inverse to calcium; it rises in kidney failure (binders, low-phosphorus diet) and falls with refeeding and malnutrition, and below about 1 mg/dL is critical.
Albumin
Nòmal 3.5 jiska 5 g/dL; albumin ba lakòz èdèm ak yon kalsyòm total ki fo ba epi li reflete sentèz fwa, pèt pwoteyin oswa enflamasyon, kidonk li pa yon makè nitrisyon serye pou kont li.
Normal 3.5 to 5 g/dL; low albumin causes edema and a falsely low total calcium and reflects liver synthesis, protein loss or inflammation, so it is not a reliable nutrition marker on its own.
Prealbumin
Nòmal apeprè 15 jiska 36 mg/dL; ak yon demi-vi de jou li swiv konsomasyon pwoteyin resan pi vit pase albumin, anba apeprè 10 jiska 11 sijere gwo depèdisyon pwoteyin, epi enflamasyon bese l tou.
Normal about 15 to 36 mg/dL; with a half-life of two days it tracks recent protein intake faster than albumin, below about 10 to 11 suggests severe protein depletion, and inflammation also lowers it.
Pwoteyin total · Total protein
Nòmal apeprè 6 jiska 8 g/dL, sòm albumin ak globulin yo; ba ak malnitrisyon, maladi fwa ak pèt pwoteyin nefrotik, wo ak dezidratasyon ak kèk kansè san tankou multiple myeloma.
Normal about 6 to 8 g/dL, the sum of albumin and globulins; low with malnutrition, liver disease and nephrotic protein loss, high with dehydration and some blood cancers such as multiple myeloma.
Amonyak (NH3) · Ammonia (NH3)
Nòmal apeprè 15 jiska 45 mcg/dL; li monte nan echèk fwa epi li lakòz ansefalopati epatik (konfizyon, asterixis), yo trete l ak lactulose yo ajiste pou de oswa twa poupou mou pa jou, epi senyen GI oswa yon rejim ki gen anpil pwoteyin ogmante l.
Normal about 15 to 45 mcg/dL; it climbs in liver failure and causes hepatic encephalopathy (confusion, asterixis), treated with lactulose titrated to two or three soft stools a day, and GI bleeding or a high-protein diet raise it.
AST (aspartate aminotransferase)
Nòmal apeprè 10 jiska 40 U/L; li koule soti nan selil fwa ki blese nan epatit, alkòl ak toksisite acetaminophen, epi nan kè ak misk skelèt tou, kidonk li mwens espesifik pou fwa pase ALT.
Normal about 10 to 40 U/L; it leaks from injured liver cells in hepatitis, alcohol and acetaminophen toxicity, and from heart and skeletal muscle too, so it is less liver-specific than ALT.
ALT (alanine aminotransferase)
Nòmal apeprè 7 jiska 40 U/L (limit siperyè yo varye selon laboratwa); se transaminaz ki pi espesifik pou fwa a, li monte ak epatit, fwa gra, statins ak overdòz acetaminophen, souvan rive nan milye yo nan epatit egi.
Normal about 7 to 40 U/L (upper limits vary by lab); it is the more liver-specific transaminase, rising with hepatitis, fatty liver, statins and acetaminophen overdose, often into the thousands in acute hepatitis.
Fosfataz alkalin (ALP) · Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
Nòmal apeprè 30 jiska 120 U/L; li monte ak obstriksyon bilyè (ak GGT ak bilirubin), kwasans zo oswa maladi tankou Paget's ak metastaz zo, epi nòmalman nan timoun k ap grandi ak fen gwosès.
Normal about 30 to 120 U/L; it rises with biliary obstruction (with GGT and bilirubin), bone growth or disease such as Paget's and bone metastases, and normally in growing children and late pregnancy.
Bilirubin total · Total bilirubin
Nòmal apeprè 0.1 jiska 1.2 mg/dL; iktèr vin vizib pi wo pase apeprè 2 jiska 3, epi yon nivo k ap monte vle di emoliz, dega fwa oswa yon kanal bil ki bloke, ak poupou koulè ajil ak pipi fonse nan obstriksyon.
Normal about 0.1 to 1.2 mg/dL; jaundice becomes visible above about 2 to 3, and a rising level means hemolysis, liver damage or a blocked bile duct, with clay-colored stools and dark urine in obstruction.
Biliribin tibebe ki fenk fèt · Newborn bilirubin
Jònis fizyolojik parèt apre 24 èdtan epi li rive nan pik li ozanviwon 5 a 6 mg/dL nan jou 3 a 5; jònis nan premye 24 èdtan yo se patolojik, limit pou fototerapi yo swiv tablo AAP ki espesifik pou chak èdtan, epi nivo ki pre 20 a 25 riske kernicterus.
Physiologic jaundice appears after 24 hours and peaks around 5 to 6 mg/dL on days 3 to 5; jaundice in the first 24 hours is pathologic, phototherapy thresholds follow the hour-specific AAP chart, and levels near 20 to 25 risk kernicterus.
📚 Aprann li: Premye Èdtan an: APGAR, Chalè, Vitamin K ak Sik
Lipase ak amylase · Lipase and amylase
Lipase ozanviwon 0 a 160 U/L epi amylase ozanviwon 30 a 110 U/L; toude monte nan pankreatit egi nan kèk èdtan, epi lipase la pi espesifik epi li rete wo pi lontan, kidonk se li egzamen an fè konfyans.
Lipase about 0 to 160 U/L and amylase about 30 to 110 U/L; both rise in acute pancreatitis within hours, and lipase is the more specific and stays up longer, so it is the one the exam trusts.
CK-MB
Kreatin kinaz ki espesifik pou kè a, nòmalman ozanviwon 0 a 3 ng/mL oswa anba 5% nan CK total la; li monte 4 a 6 èdtan apre enfaktis, li rive nan pik li a 12 a 24 èdtan epi li retounen nòmal nan 2 a 3 jou, kidonk li siyal yon re-enfaktis.
The heart-specific creatine kinase, normally about 0 to 3 ng/mL or under 5% of total CK; it rises 4 to 6 hours after infarction, peaks at 12 to 24 hours and normalizes in 2 to 3 days, so it flags reinfarction.
Kolestewòl total · Total cholesterol
Li dezirab anba 200 mg/dL, limit 200 a 239, wo 240 oswa plis; bilan lipid la anjeneral fèt san pasyan an pa a jenn, ak yon jenn 9 a 12 èdtan si trigliserid lè li pa a jenn yo se 400 mg/dL oswa plis, epi desizyon pou statin yo baze plis sou LDL ak risk jeneral la.
Desirable under 200 mg/dL, borderline 200 to 239, high 240 or above; the lipid panel is usually drawn nonfasting, with a 9 to 12 hour fast if nonfasting triglycerides are 400 mg/dL or higher, and statin decisions rest more on LDL and overall risk.
Kolestewòl LDL · LDL cholesterol
Kolestewòl ki bouche atè yo, optimal anba 100 mg/dL (anba 70 pou pasyan ki gen maladi kè oswa dyabèt yo konnen), pre optimal 100 a 129, wo 160 oswa plis; statin, egzèsis ak mwens grès satire bese li.
The artery-clogging cholesterol, optimal under 100 mg/dL (under 70 for clients with known heart disease or diabetes), near optimal 100 to 129, high 160 or above; statins, exercise and less saturated fat lower it.
Kolestewòl HDL · HDL cholesterol
Kolestewòl pwotektè a, ki ta dwe pi wo pase 40 mg/dL kay gason epi pi wo pase 50 kay fanm; anba 40 ogmante risk pou kè, epi egzèsis, pèdi pwa ak sispann fimen ogmante li.
The protective cholesterol, which should be above 40 mg/dL in men and above 50 in women; below 40 raises heart risk, and exercise, weight loss and quitting smoking raise it.
Trigliserid · Triglycerides
Nòmal anba 150 mg/dL, limit 150 a 199, wo 200 a 499 epi trè wo a 500 oswa plis, kote pankreatit vin yon risk; alkòl, sik ak dyabèt ki pa kontwole fè yo monte.
Normal under 150 mg/dL, borderline 150 to 199, high 200 to 499 and very high at 500 or above, where pancreatitis becomes a risk; alcohol, sugar and uncontrolled diabetes drive them up.
T4 lib (thyroxine) · Free T4 (thyroxine)
T4 lib ozanviwon 0.8 a 1.8 ng/dL (T4 total ozanviwon 5 a 12 mcg/dL); li wo ak yon TSH ba nan ipètiwoyidis epi li ba ak yon TSH wo nan ipotiwoyidis, epi dòz levothyroxine la ajiste dapre TSH.
Free T4 about 0.8 to 1.8 ng/dL (total T4 about 5 to 12 mcg/dL); it is high with a low TSH in hyperthyroidism and low with a high TSH in hypothyroidism, and the levothyroxine dose is adjusted by TSH.
Cortisol (serom nan maten) · Cortisol (morning serum)
Ozanviwon 5 a 25 mcg/dL a 8 AM, pi ba nan aswè; ba montre maladi Addison oswa sipresyon esteroyid alontèm, wo montre sendwòm Cushing oswa estrès, epi yon valè trè ba nan chòk se yon kriz adrenal.
About 5 to 25 mcg/dL at 8 AM, lower in the evening; low points to Addison's disease or long-term steroid suppression, high to Cushing's syndrome or stress, and a very low value in shock is an adrenal crisis.
pH atèryèl · Arterial pH
Nòmal 7.35 a 7.45; anba 7.35 se asidoz epi pi wo pase 7.45 se alkaloz, epi anba ozanviwon 7.2 oswa pi wo pase 7.6 se kritik, nan pwen sa a kè a, sèvo a ak medikaman yo tout sispann travay nòmalman.
Normal 7.35 to 7.45; below 7.35 is acidosis and above 7.45 alkalosis, and below about 7.2 or above 7.6 is critical, at which point the heart, brain and drugs all stop working normally.
PaCO2
Nòmal 35 a 45 mmHg, bò respiratwa ROME la; wo vle di ipovantilasyon (asidoz respiratwa, tankou nan COPD oswa opioid), ba vle di ipèvantilasyon oswa konpansasyon, epi anba 20 oswa pi wo pase ozanviwon 60 a 70 se kritik.
Normal 35 to 45 mmHg, the respiratory side of ROME; high means hypoventilation (respiratory acidosis, as in COPD or opioids), low means hyperventilation or compensation, and below 20 or above about 60 to 70 is critical.
HCO3 (bikabonat sou yon ABG) · HCO3 (bicarbonate on an ABG)
Nòmal 22 a 26 mEq/L, bò metabolik ROME la; li deplase nan menm direksyon ak pH nan pwoblèm metabolik (ba nan DKA, wo ak vomisman) epi li chanje pou konpanse sa ki respiratwa yo.
Normal 22 to 26 mEq/L, the metabolic side of ROME; it moves the same direction as pH in metabolic problems (low in DKA, high with vomiting) and shifts to compensate for respiratory ones.
PaO2
Nòmal 80 a 100 mmHg; anba 80 se ipoksemi, anba 60 anjeneral vle di pasyan an bezwen oksijèn siplemantè oswa plis sipò, epi anba ozanviwon 40 se kritik.
Normal 80 to 100 mmHg; below 80 is hypoxemia, below 60 usually means the client needs supplemental oxygen or more support, and below about 40 is critical.
SaO2 / SpO2 (saturasyon oksijèn) · SaO2 / SpO2 (oxygen saturation)
Nòmal 95 a 100%; sib la se 88 a 92% kay pasyan COPD ki kenbe CO2, paske twòp oksijèn ka ogmante PaCO2 (sitou lè li agrave matche vantilasyon-pèfizyon an), epi 94 a 98% pou pifò lòt granmoun; yon valè k ap bese vle di bay oksijèn epi chèche kòz la.
Normal 95 to 100%; the target is 88 to 92% in COPD clients who retain CO2, since excess oxygen can raise PaCO2 (mainly by worsening ventilation-perfusion matching), and 94 to 98% for most other adults; a falling value means give oxygen and find the cause.
Nivo phenytoin · Phenytoin level
Terapetik 10 a 20 mcg/mL; pi wo pase 20 pote nistagmis, ataksi ak pawòl anboulaye, epi medikaman an lakòz tou ipèplazi jansiv ak itilizasyon lontan, kidonk anseye bon swen bouch epi pa janm sispann li bridsoukou.
Therapeutic 10 to 20 mcg/mL; above 20 brings nystagmus, ataxia and slurred speech, and the drug also causes gingival hyperplasia with long use, so teach good oral care and never stop it abruptly.
Nivo theophylline · Theophylline level
Terapetik ozanviwon 10 a 20 mcg/mL (sib ki pi resan yo 5 a 15); pi wo pase 20 pote kè plen, takikadi ak kriz, epi kafeyin, chanjman nan fimen ak anpil antibyotik chanje nivo a.
Therapeutic about 10 to 20 mcg/mL (newer targets 5 to 15); above 20 brings nausea, tachycardia and seizures, and caffeine, smoking changes and many antibiotics shift the level.
Nivo carbamazepine · Carbamazepine level
Terapetik 4 a 12 mcg/mL; pi wo pase ozanviwon 12 a 15 pote vètij, diplopi ak ataksi, epi medikaman an ka siprime mwèl zo a, kidonk rapòte lafyèv, malgòj oswa ematom epi atann CBC peryodik.
Therapeutic 4 to 12 mcg/mL; above about 12 to 15 brings dizziness, diplopia and ataxia, and the drug can suppress the marrow, so report fever, sore throat or bruising and expect periodic CBCs.
Nivo valproic acid · Valproic acid level
Terapetik 50 a 100 mcg/mL; pi wo pase ozanviwon 100 a 150 pote sedasyon, tranbleman ak konfizyon, epi medikaman an ka blese fwa a epi bese plakèt, kidonk yo tcheke anzim fwa ak yon CBC.
Therapeutic 50 to 100 mcg/mL; above about 100 to 150 brings sedation, tremor and confusion, and the drug can injure the liver and lower platelets, so liver enzymes and a CBC are checked.
Nivo vancomycin · Vancomycin level
Objektif trough la te 10 a 20 mcg/mL (15 a 20 pou enfeksyon MRSA grav); anpil famasi kounye a bay dòz dapre yon AUC 400 a 600 pito, epi nivo ki pi wo pase entèval sa a menase ren yo ak tande a.
The trough goal was 10 to 20 mcg/mL (15 to 20 for serious MRSA infections); many pharmacies now dose to an AUC of 400 to 600 instead, and levels above that range threaten the kidneys and hearing.
Nivo acetaminophen (toksik) · Acetaminophen level (toxic)
Yon nivo pi wo pase ozanviwon 150 mcg/mL yo pran 4 èdtan apre enjestyon se toksik sou nomogram Rumack-Matthew la epi li mande acetylcysteine; anzim fwa yo souvan rive nan pik yo 2 a 4 jou apre, apre premye kè plen an fin pase.
A level above about 150 mcg/mL drawn 4 hours after ingestion is toxic on the Rumack-Matthew nomogram and calls for acetylcysteine; liver enzymes often peak 2 to 4 days later, after the early nausea has settled.
Nivo terapetik magnesium sulfate · Magnesium sulfate therapeutic level
Ozanviwon 4 a 7 mEq/L lè yo enfize li pou preyeklanpsi; refleks tandin pwofon ki pèdi yo se premye siy toksisite, apre respirasyon anba 12 ak pipi anba 30 mL/hr, epi calcium gluconate se antidot la bò kabann lan.
About 4 to 7 mEq/L when infused for preeclampsia; lost deep tendon reflexes are the first sign of toxicity, then respirations under 12 and urine under 30 mL/hr, and calcium gluconate is the antidote at the bedside.
📚 Aprann li: Preyeklanpsi, Magnesium ak Reflèks Ou Tcheke yo
pH pipi · Urine pH
Nòmalman ozanviwon 4.5 a 8 (mwayèn 6); pipi asid vini ak yon rejim ki rich an pwoteyin, asidoz ak jenn, pipi alkalin ak yon rejim vejetaryen, UTI ak bakteri ki kraze ure, ak kèk pyè nan ren.
Normally about 4.5 to 8 (average 6); acidic urine comes with a high-protein diet, acidosis and starvation, alkaline urine with a vegetarian diet, UTI with urea-splitting bacteria, and some kidney stones.
📚 Aprann li: Analiz Pipi, Gravite Espesifik ak Kolekte l Byen
Pwoteyin nan pipi · Urine protein
Nòmalman negatif sou dipstick (anba ozanviwon 150 mg pa jou); pwoteyin ki pèsiste vle di domaj nan ren, epi nan gwosès 300 mg oswa plis nan 24 èdtan, yon rapò pwoteyin-a-kreyatinin 0.3, oswa yon dipstick 2+ ede defini preyeklanpsi.
Normally negative on dipstick (under about 150 mg a day); persistent protein means kidney damage, and in pregnancy 300 mg or more in 24 hours, a protein-to-creatinine ratio of 0.3, or a 2+ dipstick helps define preeclampsia.
📚 Aprann li: Analiz Pipi, Gravite Espesifik ak Kolekte l Byen
Keton nan pipi · Urine ketones
Nòmalman negatif; keton modere oswa gwo ak yon glikoz wo vle di kò a ap boule grès pou gaz, tankou nan asidosetoz dyabetik, kidonk ansèyman pou jou maladi yo tcheke yo chak 4 èdtan epi rapòte keton ki pèsiste oswa vomisman.
Normally negative; moderate or large ketones with a high glucose mean the body is burning fat for fuel, as in diabetic ketoacidosis, so sick-day teaching checks them every 4 hours and reports persistent ketones or vomiting.
📚 Aprann li: DKA Kont HHS: Setòn, Likid ak Pyèj Potasyòm nan
Pwodiksyon pipi minimòm · Minimum urine output
Granmoun ta dwe fè omwen 30 mL/hr (0.5 mL/kg/hr) epi timoun omwen 1 mL/kg/hr; mwens pandan de èdtan vle di move pèfizyon ren, tankou nan chòk, dezidratasyon oswa toksisite magnesium, epi yo rapòte sa anvan kreyatinin lan monte.
Adults should make at least 30 mL/hr (0.5 mL/kg/hr) and children at least 1 mL/kg/hr; less for two hours means poor kidney perfusion, as in shock, dehydration or magnesium toxicity, and is reported before the creatinine rises.
Glikoz nan san tibebe ki fenk fèt · Newborn blood glucose
Yon glikoz tibebe ki fenk fèt anba ozanviwon 40 a 45 mg/dL se ipoglisemi; tibebe manman dyabetik, ki gwo oswa piti pou dat yo, ki prematire oswa ki strese pa fredi yo depiste, epi tranbleman, move alètman oswa apne mande alètman oswa dextrose IV.
A newborn glucose below about 40 to 45 mg/dL is hypoglycemia; infants of diabetic mothers, large or small for dates, preterm or cold-stressed are screened, and jitteriness, poor feeding or apnea call for feeding or IV dextrose.
📚 Aprann li: Premye Èdtan an: APGAR, Chalè, Vitamin K ak Sik
Emoglobin nan gwosès · Hemoglobin in pregnancy
Anemi nan gwosès se yon emoglobin anba 11 g/dL nan premye ak twazyèm trimès yo epi anba 10.5 g/dL nan dezyèm lan, paske volim plasma a ogmante pi vit pase globil wouj yo; fè ak vitamin C se solisyon abityèl la.
Anemia in pregnancy is a hemoglobin under 11 g/dL in the first and third trimesters and under 10.5 g/dL in the second, because plasma volume expands faster than red cells; iron with vitamin C is the usual fix.
Depistaj dyabèt jestasyonèl (tès glikoz 1 èdtan) · Gestational diabetes screen (1-hour glucose challenge)
A 24 a 28 semèn pasyan an bwè 50 gram glikoz epi yon valè 1 èdtan 130 a 140 mg/dL oswa plis (limit la varye selon pratik la) se yon depistaj pozitif ki voye li nan tès 3 èdtan an.
At 24 to 28 weeks the client drinks 50 grams of glucose and a 1-hour value of 130 to 140 mg/dL or higher (the cutoff varies by practice) is a positive screen that sends her to the 3-hour test.
Tès tolerans glikoz 3 èdtan (dyabèt jestasyonèl) · 3-hour glucose tolerance test (gestational diabetes)
Apre yon chaj glikoz 100 gram limit yo se a jenn 95, 1 èdtan 180, 2 èdtan 155 ak 3 èdtan 140 mg/dL (Carpenter-Coustan), epi de oswa plis valè ki egal oswa pi wo pase yo dyagnostike dyabèt jestasyonèl.
After a 100-gram glucose load the cutoffs are fasting 95, 1-hour 180, 2-hour 155 and 3-hour 140 mg/dL (Carpenter-Coustan), and two or more values at or above them diagnose gestational diabetes.
Mnemonik
EAT (sa RN pa janm delege) · EAT (what the RN never delegates)
Evaluate, Assess, Teach (evalye, evalye eta, anseye): sa RN kenbe, ak jijman ak pasyan enstab; LPN yo kolekte done epi ranfòse ansèyman, epi pèsonèl asistans mezire epi rapòte done woutin.
Evaluate, Assess, Teach: what the RN keeps, with judgment and unstable clients; LPNs collect data and reinforce teaching, and assistive personnel measure and report routine data.
MY CHICKEN HEZ TB (prekosyon pou transmisyon nan lè) · MY CHICKEN HEZ TB (airborne precautions)
My = Measles (lawoujòl), Chicken = Chickenpox (varicella) (varisèl), Hez = Herpes zoster lè l gaye, TB = Tuberculosis (tibèkiloz): maladi ki bezwen yon respiratè N95 ak yon chanm presyon negatif.
My = Measles, Chicken = Chickenpox (varicella), Hez = Herpes zoster when disseminated, TB = Tuberculosis: the diseases that need an N95 respirator and a negative-pressure room.
SPIDERMAN (prekosyon goutlèt) · SPIDERMAN (droplet precautions)
meningococcal Sepsis, Scarlet fever, Strep throat, Parvovirus, Pneumonia (some types), Pertussis, Influenza, Diphtheria, Epiglottitis, Rubella, Mumps, meningococcal Meningitis, Mycoplasma, Adenovirus: maladi ki bezwen yon mask chirijikal lè yo antre nan chanm lan.
meningococcal Sepsis, Scarlet fever, Strep throat, Parvovirus, Pneumonia (some types), Pertussis, Influenza, Diphtheria, Epiglottitis, Rubella, Mumps, meningococcal Meningitis, Mycoplasma, Adenovirus: diseases needing a surgical mask on entering the room.
MRS. WEE (prekosyon kontak) · MRS. WEE (contact precautions)
Multidrug-resistant organisms, Respiratory syncytial virus, Skin infections (scabies, impetigo, herpes simplex), Wound infections (draining), Enteric infections (C. difficile), Eye infections (viral conjunctivitis): maladi ki bezwen yon blouz ak gan.
Multidrug-resistant organisms, Respiratory syncytial virus, Skin infections (scabies, impetigo, herpes simplex), Wound infections (draining), Enteric infections (C. difficile), Eye infections (viral conjunctivitis): the diseases that need a gown and gloves.
-OLOL (beta blockers)
Yon non jenerik ki fini an -olol (metoprolol, atenolol, propranolol) se yon beta blocker: tcheke puls la, rete l pou yon vitès kè anba 60, epi pa janm rete l sibit.
A generic name ending in -olol (metoprolol, atenolol, propranolol) is a beta blocker: check the pulse, hold for a heart rate under 60, and never stop it abruptly.
📚 Aprann li: Klas Medikaman dapre Sifiks ak Efè Segondè ki Defini Chak
-PRIL (ACE inhibitors)
Yon non jenerik ki fini an -pril (lisinopril, enalapril, captopril) se yon ACE inhibitor: siveye yon tous sèk, tcheke potasyòm, epi trete angioedema kòm yon ijans.
A generic name ending in -pril (lisinopril, enalapril, captopril) is an ACE inhibitor: watch for a dry cough, check potassium, and treat angioedema as an emergency.
📚 Aprann li: Klas Medikaman dapre Sifiks ak Efè Segondè ki Defini Chak
-SARTAN (angiotensin receptor blockers, blokè reseptè anjyotansin) · -SARTAN (angiotensin receptor blockers)
Yon non jenerik ki fini an -sartan (losartan, valsartan) se yon angiotensin receptor blocker: altènatif ACE inhibitor a san tous la, ak menm avètisman potasyòm ak gwosès yo.
A generic name ending in -sartan (losartan, valsartan) is an angiotensin receptor blocker: the ACE-inhibitor alternative without the cough, with the same potassium and pregnancy warnings.
📚 Aprann li: Klas Medikaman dapre Sifiks ak Efè Segondè ki Defini Chak
-STATIN (medikaman kolestewòl) · -STATIN (cholesterol drugs)
Yon non jenerik ki fini an -statin (atorvastatin, simvastatin) bese kolestewòl: pran simvastatin nan aswè (atorvastatin nenpòt lè), rapòte doulè nan misk (rhabdomyolysis), epi tcheke anzim fwa anvan yo kòmanse.
A generic name ending in -statin (atorvastatin, simvastatin) lowers cholesterol: take simvastatin in the evening (atorvastatin any time), report muscle pain (rhabdomyolysis), and check liver enzymes before starting.
📚 Aprann li: Klas Medikaman dapre Sifiks ak Efè Segondè ki Defini Chak
SLUDGE (kriz kolinèjik) · SLUDGE (cholinergic crisis)
Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation, GI upset, Emesis (salivasyon, dlo nan je, pipi, poupou, pwoblèm GI, vomisman): siy twòp asetilkolin (anpwazònman organophosphate oswa kriz kolinèjik), atropine ranvèse yo.
Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation, GI upset, Emesis: the signs of too much acetylcholine (organophosphate poisoning or cholinergic crisis), reversed with atropine.
TIRED (siy ipoglisemi) · TIRED (hypoglycemia signs)
Tachycardia, Irritability, Restlessness, Excessive hunger, Diaphoresis (takikadi, iritabilite, ajitasyon, grangou twòp, swe twòp): premye siy sik nan san ba yo, yo tcheke yo nan moman pik insulin epi yo trete yo ak 15 gram idrat kabòn.
Tachycardia, Irritability, Restlessness, Excessive hunger, Diaphoresis: the early signs of low blood sugar, checked at insulin peak times and treated with 15 grams of carbohydrate.
📚 Aprann li: Pik Insulin: Kilè Pasyan an Pral Tonbe nan Ipoglisemi
ROME (entèpretasyon ABG) · ROME (ABG interpretation)
Respiratory Opposite (pH ak PaCO2 deplase nan direksyon opoze), Metabolic Equal (pH ak HCO3 deplase ansanm): verifikasyon an de etap pou nonmen nenpòt dezekilib asid-baz.
Respiratory Opposite (pH and PaCO2 move in opposite directions), Metabolic Equal (pH and HCO3 move together): the two-step check for naming any acid-base imbalance.
MURDER (siy iperkalemi) · MURDER (hyperkalemia signs)
Muscle weakness, Urine output low, Respiratory distress, Decreased cardiac contractility, ECG changes (peaked T waves), Reflexes abnormal (feblès misk, pwodiksyon pipi ba, detrès respiratwa, kontraktilite kadyak diminye, chanjman ECG (onn T wo), refleks anòmal): siy potasyòm pi wo pase 5.0 mEq/L.
Muscle weakness, Urine output low, Respiratory distress, Decreased cardiac contractility, ECG changes (peaked T waves), Reflexes abnormal: the signs of potassium above 5.0 mEq/L.
SALT LOSS (siy iponatremi) · SALT LOSS (hyponatremia signs)
Seizures, Abdominal cramps, Lethargy, Tendon reflexes diminished, Loss of urine and appetite, Orthostatic hypotension, Shallow breathing, Spasms (kriz, kramp nan vant, letaji, refleks tandon diminye, pèt pipi ak apeti, ipotansyon òtostatik, respirasyon sifasyèl, spasm): siy sodyòm pi ba pase 135 mEq/L.
Seizures, Abdominal cramps, Lethargy, Tendon reflexes diminished, Loss of urine and appetite, Orthostatic hypotension, Shallow breathing, Spasms: the signs of sodium below 135 mEq/L.
📚 Aprann li: Sodyòm, Kalsyòm ak Manyezyòm: Kontraksyon, Kriz ak Vin Plat
FRIED (siy ipernatremi) · FRIED (hypernatremia signs)
Fever and flushed skin, Restlessness, Increased fluid retention and blood pressure, Edema, Decreased urine output and dry mouth (lafyèv ak po wouj, ajitasyon, retansyon likid ak tansyon ogmante, èdèm, pwodiksyon pipi diminye ak bouch sèk): siy sodyòm pi wo pase 145 mEq/L, ansanm ak swaf.
Fever and flushed skin, Restlessness, Increased fluid retention and blood pressure, Edema, Decreased urine output and dry mouth: the signs of sodium above 145 mEq/L, along with thirst.
📚 Aprann li: Sodyòm, Kalsyòm ak Manyezyòm: Kontraksyon, Kriz ak Vin Plat
CATS (siy ipokalsemi) · CATS (hypocalcemia signs)
Convulsions, Arrhythmias, Tetany, Spasms and stridor (konvilsyon, aritmi, tetani, spasm ak stridor): siy ipokalsemi, kalsyòm total pi ba pase 9 mg/dL; ti bès lakòz pikotman, siy grav pre 7; siveye apre chiriji tiwoyid oswa paratiwoyid.
Convulsions, Arrhythmias, Tetany, Spasms and stridor: signs of hypocalcemia, total calcium below 9 mg/dL; mild drops cause tingling, severe signs near 7; watch after thyroid or parathyroid surgery.
📚 Aprann li: Sodyòm, Kalsyòm ak Manyezyòm: Kontraksyon, Kriz ak Vin Plat
MONA (medikaman kriz kadyak) · MONA (heart attack drugs)
Morphine, Oxygen, Nitroglycerin, Aspirin: lis rapèl klasik pou yon sispèk kriz kadyak; jodi a aspirin vini anvan, oksijèn sèlman anba 90% satirasyon, epi morphine sèlman si nitrates yo pa mache.
Morphine, Oxygen, Nitroglycerin, Aspirin: the classic recall list for a suspected heart attack; today aspirin comes first, oxygen only below 90% saturation, and morphine only if nitrates fail.
LEFT = LUNGS, RIGHT = REST (bò ensifizans kadyak) · LEFT = LUNGS, RIGHT = REST (heart failure sides)
Ensifizans bò gòch tounen nan Poumon yo (krakman, dispne, krache kim) epi ensifizans bò dwat nan Rès kò a (èdèm, venn kou, fwa): triye sentòm ensifizans kadyak la.
Left-sided failure backs up into the Lungs (crackles, dyspnea, frothy sputum) and Right-sided failure into the Rest of the body (edema, neck veins, liver): the heart failure symptom sorter.
VEAL CHOP (deselerasyon vitès kè fetal) · VEAL CHOP (fetal heart rate decelerations)
Variable = Cord compression, Early = Head compression, Accelerations = Okay, Late = Placental insufficiency (varyab = konpresyon kòdon, bonè = konpresyon tèt, akselerasyon = oke, tardif = ensifizans plasentè): kijan pou li chak modèl deselerasyon sou yon monitè fetal.
Variable = Cord compression, Early = Head compression, Accelerations = Okay, Late = Placental insufficiency: how to read each deceleration pattern on a fetal monitor.
TORCH (enfeksyon ki travèse plasenta a) · TORCH (infections that cross the placenta)
Toxoplasmosis, Other (syphilis, varicella, parvovirus, HIV), Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex: enfeksyon ki ka pase bay fetis la oswa tibebe nouvo fèt la, nan gwosès oswa nan akouchman, epi lakòz domaj nesans.
Toxoplasmosis, Other (syphilis, varicella, parvovirus, HIV), Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex: infections that can pass to the fetus or newborn, in pregnancy or at birth, and cause birth defects.
APGAR (nòt tibebe nouvo fèt) · APGAR (newborn score)
Appearance (color), Pulse, Grimace (reflex irritability), Activity (muscle tone), Respiration (aparans (koulè), puls, grimas (iritabilite refleks), aktivite (ton misk), respirasyon): senk siy tibebe nouvo fèt yo bay nòt 0 jiska 2 chak nan 1 ak 5 minit.
Appearance (color), Pulse, Grimace (reflex irritability), Activity (muscle tone), Respiration: the five newborn signs scored 0 to 2 each at 1 and 5 minutes.
📚 Aprann li: Premye Èdtan an: APGAR, Chalè, Vitamin K ak Sik
BUBBLE-LE (evalyasyon apre akouchman) · BUBBLE-LE (postpartum assessment)
Breasts, Uterus (fundus firm, midline), Bladder, Bowel, Lochia, Episiotomy or incision, Legs (clots), Emotions (tete, matris (fon fèm, nan mitan), vesi, entesten, lochia, epizyotomi oswa ensizyon, janm (kayo), emosyon): lòd evalyasyon apre akouchman depi tèt rive pye (fòm pi ansyen BUBBLE-HE, H pou Homans' sign).
Breasts, Uterus (fundus firm, midline), Bladder, Bowel, Lochia, Episiotomy or incision, Legs (clots), Emotions: the postpartum head-to-toe order (older form BUBBLE-HE, H for Homans' sign).
📚 Aprann li: Emoraji Aprè Akouchman: Masaj An Premye, Apre Medikaman yo
GTPAL (antesedan obstetrik) · GTPAL (obstetric history)
Gravida (kantite gwosès total), Term births (akouchman 37 semèn oswa plis), Preterm births (20 jiska 36 semèn), Abortions (pèt anvan 20 semèn), Living children (timoun vivan): kijan pou anrejistre yon antesedan obstetrik.
Gravida (total pregnancies), Term births (37 weeks or more), Preterm births (20 to 36 weeks), Abortions (losses before 20 weeks), Living children: how to record an obstetric history.
PROVe (tetraloji Fallot) · PROVe (tetralogy of Fallot)
Pulmonary stenosis, Right ventricular hypertrophy, Overriding aorta, Ventricular septal defect (estenoz pilmonè, ipètwofi vantrikil dwat, awòt ki chita sou tou de, domaj septòm vantrikulè): kat domaj tetraloji Fallot yo, domaj kè syanotik ki dèyè kriz tet yo.
Pulmonary stenosis, Right ventricular hypertrophy, Overriding aorta, Ventricular septal defect: the four defects of tetralogy of Fallot, the cyanotic heart defect behind tet spells.
SIG E CAPS (sentòm depresyon) · SIG E CAPS (depression symptoms)
Sleep change, Interest lost, Guilt, Energy low, Concentration poor, Appetite change, Psychomotor change, Suicidal thoughts (chanjman dòmi, enterè pèdi, kilpabilite, enèji ba, konsantrasyon move, chanjman apeti, chanjman sikomotè, panse swisid): gwo depresyon bezwen senk pou de semèn, ki gen ladan atitid ba oswa enterè pèdi.
Sleep change, Interest lost, Guilt, Energy low, Concentration poor, Appetite change, Psychomotor change, Suicidal thoughts: major depression needs five for two weeks, including low mood or lost interest.
SAD PERSONS (faktè risk swisid) · SAD PERSONS (suicide risk factors)
Sex male, Age under 19 or over 45, Depression, Previous attempt, Ethanol use, Rational thinking loss, Social support lacking, Organized plan, No spouse, Sickness (sèks gason, laj jèn oswa pi gran, depresyon, tantativ anvan, itilizasyon ethanol, pèt panse rasyonèl, mank sipò sosyal, plan òganize, pa gen konjwen, maladi): lis verifikasyon klasik risk swisid la.
Sex male, Age under 19 or over 45, Depression, Previous attempt, Ethanol use, Rational thinking loss, Social support lacking, Organized plan, No spouse, Sickness: the classic suicide risk checklist.
HOT AND NERVOUS, COLD AND SLUGGISH (tiwoyid) · HOT AND NERVOUS, COLD AND SLUGGISH (thyroid)
Ipètiwoyidi kouri cho ak nè (entolerans chalè, pèt pwa, takikadi, tranbleman); ipotiwoyidi kouri frèt ak lant (entolerans fredi, pran pwa, bradikadi, konstipasyon): triye sentòm tiwoyid la.
Hyperthyroidism runs hot and nervous (heat intolerance, weight loss, tachycardia, tremor); hypothyroidism runs cold and sluggish (cold intolerance, weight gain, bradycardia, constipation): the thyroid symptom sorter.
ADDISON'S = ADD, CUSHING'S = CUSHION (pwoblèm adrenal) · ADDISON'S = ADD, CUSHING'S = CUSHION (adrenal disorders)
Addison's se twò piti cortisol, kidonk ADD steroids (tansyon ba, sodyòm ba, potasyòm wo); Cushing's se twòp, yon CUSHION grès (vizaj lalin, glikoz wo, tansyon wo).
Addison's is too little cortisol, so ADD steroids (low pressure, low sodium, high potassium); Cushing's is too much, a CUSHION of fat (moon face, high glucose, high pressure).
RACE (repons dife) · RACE (fire response)
Rescue anyone in danger, Alarm (pull it and call), Confine the fire by closing doors, Extinguish or Evacuate (sekou nenpòt moun ki an danje, alèm (rale l epi rele), fèmen dife a lè w fèmen pòt yo, etenyen oswa evakye): lòd aksyon yo lè w dekouvri yon dife.
Rescue anyone in danger, Alarm (pull it and call), Confine the fire by closing doors, Extinguish or Evacuate: the order of actions when you discover a fire.
PASS (aparèy pou etenn dife) · PASS (fire extinguisher)
Pull the pin, Aim at the base of the fire, Squeeze the handle, Sweep side to side (rale peny lan, vize baz dife a, peze manch lan, baleye bò kote bò): kijan pou itilize yon aparèy pou etenn dife yon fwa RACE kòmanse.
Pull the pin, Aim at the base of the fire, Squeeze the handle, Sweep side to side: how to use a fire extinguisher once RACE has been started.
FAST (rekonèt estwòk) · FAST (stroke recognition)
Face drooping, Arm weakness, Speech difficulty, Time to call for help and note the time (vizaj ki tonbe, feblès bra, difikilte pale, lè pou rele èd epi note lè a): tès estwòk piblik la (BE FAST ajoute Balance ak Eyes).
Face drooping, Arm weakness, Speech difficulty, Time to call for help and note the time: the public stroke screen (BE FAST adds Balance and Eyes).
📚 Aprann li: Fenèt Konjesyon Serebral ak Presyon Entrakranyen k ap Monte
Kesyon tankou NCLEX, XP ak seri jou nan aplikasyon an, an angle ak èd an kreyòl. Pa bezwen enskri.