🌱 健康促进 · 第2课，共6课 · 5 min
一次走廊行走中的Erikson
Erikson in One Hallway Walk
🚪 沿着儿科走廊走一遍：婴儿在学习世界是安全的，幼儿尖叫着“我来做”，学龄儿童需要完成拼图。Erikson为每一扇门都命了名。考试要求你读懂门上的标志。
🚪 Walk down a pediatric hallway: the infant learning the world is safe, the toddler screaming 'me do it', the school-ager who needs to finish the puzzle. Erikson named each door. The exam asks you to read the sign.
💡 核心要点
信任、自主、主动、勤奋、同一性、亲密、繁衍、完整。每个阶段的护理都支持其任务：为幼儿提供选择，为青少年提供同伴支持，为老年人提供怀旧机会。
Trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, identity, intimacy, generativity, integrity. Nursing care at each stage supports the task: choices for toddlers, peers for teens, reminiscence for elders.
🧠 为什么重要
婴儿期：信任对不信任；持续而及时的照护能建立信任。幼儿期（1 to 3岁）：自主对羞耻与怀疑；提供简单的选择，让他们自己做事。学龄前期（3 to 6岁）：主动对内疚；鼓励想象性游戏，避免让他们因好奇而感到难过；他们害怕身体伤害，因此要用娃娃和绷带解释操作。学龄期（6 to 12岁）：勤奋对自卑；赞扬努力和完成的任务，住院时让他们保持学校日常安排。青春期（12 to 18岁）：同一性对角色混乱；隐私、同伴和身体形象最为重要。成年早期：亲密对孤立。成年中期：繁衍对停滞，通过工作和家庭回馈他人。老年期：完整对绝望；人生回顾和怀旧有帮助。幼儿进行平行游戏，学龄前儿童进行联合游戏（合作游戏在学龄前后期开始），学龄儿童进行合作游戏，例如有规则的团队游戏。
INFANCY: trust versus mistrust; consistent, prompt care builds trust. TODDLER (1 to 3): autonomy versus shame and doubt; offer simple choices and let them do things themselves. PRESCHOOL (3 to 6): initiative versus guilt; encourage imaginative play and avoid making them feel bad for curiosity; they fear bodily harm, so explain procedures with dolls and bandages. SCHOOL AGE (6 to 12): industry versus inferiority; praise effort and finished tasks, keep them in school routines when hospitalized. ADOLESCENCE (12 to 18): identity versus role confusion; privacy, peers and body image matter most. YOUNG ADULT: intimacy versus isolation. MIDDLE ADULT: generativity versus stagnation, giving back through work and family. OLDER ADULT: integrity versus despair; life review and reminiscence help. Toddlers engage in PARALLEL play, preschoolers in ASSOCIATIVE play (cooperative play begins late in the preschool years), and school-age children in COOPERATIVE play, such as team games with rules.
🏥 真实场景
🧒 一名住院的2岁幼儿拒绝服药。护士提供选择：“你想把药放在红杯子里还是蓝杯子里？”服药这件事没得商量；杯子可以商量。幼儿选了蓝杯子，感到自己能掌控，并把药吞下。这就是自主性的应用，也是考试最喜欢的幼儿答案。
🧒 A hospitalized 2-year-old refuses medication. The nurse offers a choice: 'Do you want the medicine in the red cup or the blue cup?' Taking the medicine is not negotiable; the cup is. The toddler picks blue, feels in control, and swallows. That is autonomy applied, and it is the exam's favorite toddler answer.
📌 要点总结
- 幼儿需要选择；学龄前儿童需要游戏和关于身体的安慰Toddlers need choices; preschoolers need play and reassurance about their bodies
- 青少年需要隐私和同伴Adolescents need privacy and peers
- 老年人从人生回顾中受益Older adults benefit from life review
✅ 自我测试
哪项干预最能支持住院4岁儿童的发育任务？Which intervention best supports the developmental task of a hospitalized 4-year-old?
- 讨论孩子未来的职业目标Discussing the child's future career goals
- 让孩子给娃娃“打针”Letting the child 'give a shot' to a doll
- 提供关于手术的详细解剖学解释Offering detailed anatomical explanations of surgery
- 要求孩子安静地待在床上Requiring the child to stay in bed quietly
答案: B · 让孩子给娃娃“打针”
学龄前儿童正在发展主动性并害怕身体伤害；治疗性游戏，例如在注射前让娃娃接受一次“注射”，能让他们掌握这段经历。对学龄前儿童来说，详细的解剖学解释太抽象，并可能加剧对身体伤害的恐惧；简短、具体的解释效果更好。
Preschoolers work on initiative and fear bodily harm; therapeutic play, such as giving a doll a 'shot' before an injection, lets them master the experience. Detailed anatomical explanations are too abstract for a preschooler and can feed the fear of bodily harm; brief, concrete explanations work better.
一名15岁青少年新做了造口，拒绝见朋友。哪项发育问题最相关？A 15-year-old with a new ostomy refuses to see friends. Which developmental concern is most relevant?
- 繁衍对停滞Generativity versus stagnation
- 信任对不信任Trust versus mistrust
- 勤奋对自卑，围绕学业Industry versus inferiority over schoolwork
- 同一性对角色混乱Identity versus role confusion
答案: D · 同一性对角色混乱
青少年正在建立同一性，身体形象和同伴关系会影响他们对疾病的反应。勤奋对自卑属于学龄儿童，年龄为6 to 12岁，而学业并不是这名青少年不见朋友的原因。
Adolescents are building identity, and body image and peer relationships drive their reactions to illness. Industry versus inferiority belongs to school-age children, ages 6 to 12, and schoolwork is not what is keeping this teen from friends.
哪种游戏类型是2岁儿童的典型表现？Which type of play is typical for a 2-year-old?
- 在松散组织的群体中进行联合游戏Associative play in loosely organized groups
- 有规则的合作游戏Cooperative play with rules
- 在其他孩子旁边进行平行游戏Parallel play alongside other children
- 竞技性团队运动Competitive team sports
答案: C · 在其他孩子旁边进行平行游戏
幼儿是在其他孩子旁边玩，而不是与他们一起玩。联合游戏出现在学龄前阶段，有规则的合作游戏出现在学龄阶段。
Toddlers play beside other children rather than with them. Associative play comes in the preschool years and cooperative play with rules in the school-age years.
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